Health and health behaviours before and during the Great Recession, overall and by socioeconomic status, using data from four repeated cross-sectional health surveys in Spain (2001–2012)

Bartoll, Xavier; Toffolutti, Veronica; Malmusi, Davide; Palència, Laia; Borrell, Carme; Suhrcke, Marc

doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2204-5

Table 2 Marginal coefficients of the associations between the dummy variable ‘recession’ and health status, health behaviours and risk factors for men^a

From: Health and health behaviours before and during the Great Recession, overall and by socioeconomic status, using data from four repeated cross-sectional health surveys in Spain (2001–2012)

	Overall	Employment status			Education level
	Overall	Employed	Unem-ployed	p^b	University	High secondary	Lower secondary or primary	Without any qualification	p^c
Men
Health status
Good self-reported health	0.076***	0.082***	0.076*	0.028	0.040*	0.079***	0.101***	−0.027	0.087
	(0.0118)	(0.0123)	(0.0427)		(0.0208)	(0.0213)	(0.0178)	(0.0833)
Health behaviours and risk factors
Overweight or obesity	0.012	0.016	0.011	0.824	−0.030	0.002	0.024	0.097	0.378
	(0.0145)	(0.0151)	(0.0497)		(0.0317)	(0.0295)	(0.0201)	(0.0904)
Sleeping hours	0.090**	0.001	0.250*	0.058	0.061	0.183***	0.065	0.134	0.595
	(0.0353)	(0.0349)	(0.1495)		(0.0614)	(0.0682)	(0.0523)	(0.2535)
Moderate or intense leisure physical activity^d	0.032**	0.034**	0.014	0.874	0.019	0.068**	0.030*	−0.008	0.418
	(0.0134)	(0.0142)	(0.0449)		(0.0320)	(0.0289)	(0.0178)	(0.0389)
Daily or occasional smokers	−0.008	−0.020	−0.022	0.147	−0.022	−0.016	0.005	−0.164**	0.161
	(0.0145)	(0.0153)	(0.0478)		(0.0294)	(0.0304)	(0.0206)	(0.0729)
Alcohol last two weeks^d	−0.054***	−0.051***	−0.022	0.257	−0.071***	−0.047*	−0.045**	−0.137*	0.623
	(0.0138)	(0.0144)	(0.0477)		(0.0273)	(0.0281)	(0.0195)	(0.0783)
Heavy alcohol consumption^{d, e}	0.020***	0.019***	0.015	0.529	0.002	0.008	0.031***	0.054*	0.012
	(0.0043)	(0.0044)	(0.0175)		(0.0083)	(0.0077)	(0.0062)	(0.0298)
Tranquilizers or sleeping pills	−0.005	−0.006	−0.020	0.115	−0.008	−0.018*	−0.004	0.057	0.396
	(0.0057)	(0.0057)	(0.0241)		(0.0131)	(0.0103)	(0.0080)	(0.0483)
Vegetables (daily)	−0.002	0.009	−0.063	0.004	−0.004	0.038	−0.013	−0.068	0.385
	(0.0141)	(0.0150)	(0.0448)		(0.0316)	(0.0289)	(0.0194)	(0.0734)
Fruits (daily)	−0.091***	−0.074***	−0.121**	0.041	−0.045	−0.061**	−0.114***	−0.218***	0.060
	(0.0146)	(0.0154)	(0.0498)		(0.0319)	(0.0298)	(0.0204)	(0.0729)
Legumes (3 times or more/ week)	0.034**	0.038***	−0.074	0.041	0.040	0.010	0.038**	−0.035	0.621
	(0.0135)	(0.0142)	(0.0479)		(0.0281)	(0.0280)	(0.0194)	(0.0681)
Fish (3 times or more/ week)	−0.001	0.012	−0.068	0.055	−0.020	0.001	0.004	−0.003	0.937
	(0.0144)	(0.0152)	(0.0501)		(0.0319)	(0.0293)	(0.0200)	(0.0728)
Meat (3 times or more/ week)	−0.097***	−0.093***	−0.110**	0.229	−0.093***	−0.079***	−0.092***	−0.268***	0.092
	(0.0125)	(0.0131)	(0.0457)		(0.0281)	(0.0251)	(0.0175)	(0.0705)
Cold meat (3 times or more /week)	−0.047***	−0.047***	−0.003	0.341	−0.085***	−0.026	−0.036*	−0.173**	0.203
	(0.0148)	(0.0157)	(0.0496)		(0.0323)	(0.0304)	(0.0205)	(0.0806)
Sweet food (3 times or more /week)	0.012	0.007	0.011	0.272	−0.017	0.025	0.031	−0.169**	0.067
	(0.0149)	(0.0158)	(0.0491)		(0.0325)	(0.0306)	(0.0208)	(0.0785)

Robust standard errors in parentheses
Level of significance: * p < 0.10; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01
^aAll models are adjusted by age, age², marital status, region of residence (autonomous community), type of residential area (rural/urban), occupation and linear time trend. Spanish National Health Surveys 2001 to 2011/12
^bSignificance of t-test of the interaction between economic recession dummy and employment status
^cSignificance of likelihood ratio of the model with and without interaction between economic recession and education level
^dYear 2003 not available
^eHeavy alcohol consumption has been calculated only for weekly frequency consumption

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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