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Table 1 Baseline characteristics for individuals with and without the onset of cigarette use and univariate associations with the onset of daily cigarette use

From: Cannabis use and other predictors of the onset of daily cigarette use in young men: what matters most? Results from a longitudinal study

Variable categories and variables

No onset n = 3961

Onset n = 269

OR

(95 % CI)

P

Socio-demographics

       

Age in years, M (SD) a

19.4

(1.2)

19.4

(1.2)

0.99

(0.89–1.10)

.827

Lower educational level (Ref) b

2,758

(70.9 %)

220

(82.7 %)

   

 Higher educational level

1,132

(29.1 %)

46

(17.3 %)

0.51

(0.37–0.71)

<.001

Living with parent or parents (Ref) c

3,598

(91.5 %)

232

(86.6 %)

   

 Living alone

98

(2.5 %)

10

(3.7 %)

1.58

(0.82–3.07)

.175

 Living with partner

87

(2.2 %)

9

(3.4 %)

1.60

(0.80–3.23)

.185

 Living with friends or in institution

151

(3.8 %)

17

(6.3 %)

1.75

(1.04–2.93)

.035

Means of subsistence: own person (Ref) d

776

(19.7 %)

58

(21.7 %)

   

 Own person and others persons or institutions

1,643

(41.6 %)

129

(48.3 %)

1.06

(0.77–1.46)

.739

 Other persons or institutions

1,522

(38.7 %)

80

(30.0 %)

0.70

(0.50–0.997)

.048

Not living in a partnership (Ref) e

3,767

(95.8 %)

251

(94.0 %)

   

 Living in a partnership

166

(4.2 %)

16

(6.0 %)

1.45

(0.85–2.45)

.171

Having no siblings (Ref) f

243

(6.3 %)

20

(7.7 %)

   

 One or two siblings

2,938

(76.6 %)

195

(75.3 %)

0.81

(0.50–1.30)

.378

 Three or more siblings

656

(17.1 %)

44

(17.0 %)

0.82

(0.47–1.14)

.465

Religion and spirituality

       

Christian religion (Ref) g

2,949

(75.5 %)

176

(66.9 %)

   

 Muslim religion

142

(3.6 %)

10

(3.8 %)

1.18

(0.61–2.28)

.623

 Other religion

87

(2.2 %)

6

(2.3 %)

1.16

(0.50–2.68)

.736

 No religion

727

(18.6 %)

71

(27.0 %)

1.64

(1.23–2.18)

.001

Atheist (Ref) h

1,025

(26.3 %)

86

(32.6 %)

   

 Agnostic

670

(17.2 %)

44

(16.7 %)

0.78

(0.54–1.14)

.202

 Unsure what to think about god

491

(12.6 %)

37

(14.0 %)

0.90

(0.60–1.34)

.599

 Believe in god but not practicing

1,201

(30.8 %)

77

(29.2 %)

0.76

(0.56–1.05)

.098

 Believe in god and practicing

516

(13.2 %)

20

(7.6 %)

0.46

(0.28–0.76)

.002

Health and health behaviour

       

Physical health (SF-12, scale 0–100), M (SD) i

55.2

(5.0)

54.8

(5.2)

0.98

(0.96–1.01)

.133

Mental health (SF-12, scale 0–100), M (SD) j

49.9

(8.4)

49.2

(9.0)

0.99

(0.98–1.01)

.220

Depression (MDI, scale 0–50), M (SD) k

6.6

(6.7)

8.0

(8.0)

1.03

(1.01–1.04)

.001

Low physical activity (IPAQ) (Ref) l

355

(9.6 %)

19

(7.8 %)

   

 Moderate physical activity

953

(25.9 %)

60

(24.7 %)

1.18

(0.69–2.00)

.548

 High physical activity

2,371

(64.4 %)

164

(67.5 %)

1.29

(0.79–2.11)

.303

Social context

       

Grew up with both parents (Ref) m

3,181

(81.2 %)

185

(70.1 %)

   

 …with parent and step-parent

185

(4.7 %)

29

(11.0 %)

2.70

(1.77–4.10)

<.001

 …with one parent

500

(12.8 %)

47

(17.8 %)

1.62

(1.16–2.26)

.005

 …with adoptive or foster parents or in institution

51

(1.3 %)

3

(1.1 %)

1.01

(0.31–3.27)

.985

No parental divorce before the age of 18 (Ref) n

3,066

(78.4 %)

183

(69.6 %)

   

 Parental divorce before the age of 18

846

(21.6 %)

80

(30.4 %)

1.58

(1.21–2.08)

.001

Lower educational level of the father (Ref) o

1,998

(51.2 %)

133

(50.6 %)

   

 Higher educational level of the father

1,904

(48.8 %)

130

(49.4 %)

1.03

(0.80–1.32)

.842

Lower educational level of the mother (Ref) p

2,241

(57.6 %)

157

(59.5 %)

   

 Higher educational level of the mother

1,653

(42.4 %)

107

(40.5 %)

0.92

(0.71–1.19)

.541

Financial situation of family (scale 1–7), M (SD) q

3.56

(1.0)

3.6

(1.0)

1.04

(0.92–1.19)

.504

Good relationship with parents before age 18, (Ref) r

3,217

(81.4 %)

199

(74.3 %)

   

 Bad relationship with parents before age of 18

733

(81.4 %)

69

(74.3 %)

1.52

(1.14–2.03)

.004

Lower parental rule setting at age 15 (Ref) s

1,550

(39.3 %)

121

(45.3 %)

   

 Higher parental rule setting at age 15

2,398

(60.7 %)

145

(54.7 %)

0.78

(0.61–1.001)

.051

Lower parental monitoring at age 15 (Ref) t

902

(22.8 %)

74

(27.8 %)

   

 Higher parental monitoring at age 15

3,046

(77.2 %)

192

(72.2 %)

0.77

(0.58–1.02)

.063

No psychiatric problem in the father (Ref) u

3,697

(93.9 %)

246

(91.4 %)

   

 Psychiatric problem in the father

241

(6.1 %)

23

(8.6 %)

1.43

(0.92–2.24)

.114

No psychiatric problem in the mother (Ref) v

3,783

(96.1 %)

252

(93.7 %)

   

 Psychiatric problem in the mother

154

(3.9 %)

17

(6.3 %)

1.66

(0.99–2.78)

.055

No psychiatric problem in peers (Ref) w

2,398

(61.4 %)

116

(43.8 %)

   

 Psychiatric problem in peers

1,507

(38.6 %)

149

(56.2 %)

2.04

(1.59–2.63)

<.001

Substance use

       

Never used ≥ 50 cigarettes x

3,169

(80.0 %)

65

(24.2 %)

12.56

(9.40–16.78)

<.001

 Lifetime use of ≥ 50 cigarettes

792

(20.0 %)

204

(75.8 %)

   

Age of first cigarette smoking, M (SD) y

15.1

(2.4)

14.7

(2.9)

0.94

(0.90–0.99)

.026

No use of cigarettes (previous 12 months) (Ref) z

2,774

(70.0 %)

50

(18.6 %)

   

 Occasional (non-daily) cigarette use

1,187

(30.0 %)

219

(81.4 %)

10.24

(7.47–14.02)

<.001

No use of tobacco product other than cigarettes (previous 12 months) (Ref) aa

2,189

(55.3 %)

68

(25.3 %)

   

 Use of tobacco product other than cigarettes

1,772

(44.7 %)

201

(74.7 %)

3.65

(2.75–4.84)

<.001

Never used ≥ 12 alcoholic drinks ab

421

(11.1 %)

13

(4.9 %)

   

 Lifetime use of ≥ 12 alcoholic drinks

3,366

(88.9 %)

250

(95.1 %)

2.35

(1.33–4.13)

.003

Age of first drink, M (SD) ac

14.6

(1.9)

14.0

(2.03)

0.87

(0.83–0.92)

<.001

Alcohol use—no use or not at-risk (AUDIT-C) (previous 12 months) (Ref) ad

1,374

(35.0 %)

58

(21.8 %)

   

 Alcohol use—at-risk

2,550

(65.0 %)

208

(78.2 %)

1.93

(1.43–2.60)

<.001

Never used cannabis ae

1,433

(36.2 %)

194

(72.1 %)

   

 Lifetime use of cannabis

2,522

(63.8 %)

75

(27.9 %)

4.55

(3.46–5.99)

<.001

Age of first cannabis use, M (SD) af

16.2

(1.8)

15.6

(2.1)

0.84

(0.77–0.90)

<.001

No cannabis use (previous 12 months) (Ref) ag

3,125

(18.9 %)

119

(44.2 %)

   

 No problem use (CUDIT)

701

(17.7 %)

95

(35.3 %)

3.56

(2.69–4.72)

<.001

 Problem use (CUDIT)

134

(3.4 %)

55

(20.4 %)

10.78

(7.50–15.50)

<.001

Never used illicit drugs other than cannabis (Ref) ah

3,517

(89.7 %)

181

(68.0 %)

   

 Lifetime use of illicit drugs other than cannabis

406

(10.3 %)

85

(32.0 %)

1.07

(3.08–5.37)

<.001

Personality

       

No attention deficit syndrome (ASRS) (Ref) ai

3,820

(96.6 %)

257

(95.9 %)

   

 Attention deficit syndrome

135

(3.4 %)

11

(4.1 %)

1.21

(0.65–2.27)

.550

Sensation seeking (BSSS total score, range 1–5), M (SD) aj

3.0

(0.8)

3.3

(0.9)

1.56

(1.34–1.82)

<.001

Aggression (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10), M (SD) ak

4.0

(2.2)

4.6

(2.1)

1.13

(1.07–1.20)

<.001

Sociability (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10), M (SD) al

5.7

(2.3)

6.4

(1.9)

1.15

(1.09–1.22)

<.001

Anxiety (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0–10), M (SD)am

1.9

(1.9)

2.0

(2.0)

1.02

(0.95–1.08)

.636

Peer pressure (PPI total score, range −3–+3), M (SD) an

0.3

(0.4)

0.4

(0.4)

1.46

(1.06–2.00)

.020

No anti-social personality disorder (Ref) ao

3,429

(87.6 %)

196

(74.5 %)

   

 Anti-social personality disorder

484

(12.4 %)

67

(25.5 %)

2.42

(1.81–3.25)

<.001

  1. Separate binary logistic regression model for each baseline variable. Values are n (%) unless stated otherwise. Missing values: an = 1, bn = 74, cn = 28, dn = 31, en = 30, fn = 134, gn = 62, hn = 63, in = 29, jn = 29, kn = 42, ln = 308, mn = 49, nn = 55, on = 65, pn = 72, qn = 31, rn = 12, sn = 15, tn = 16, un = 23, vn = 24, wn = 60, xn = 0, yn = 2028, zn = 0, aan = 0, abn = 6, acn = 175, adn = 40, aen = 6, afn = 2,605, agn = 1, ahn = 41, ain = 7, ajn = 3, akn = 5, aln = 5, amn = 5, ann = 81, aon = 54
  2. ASRS Item Screener of the Attention Deficit Syndrome Self Report Scale, AUDIT-C Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption, BSSS Brief Sensation Seeking Scale, CI confidence interval, CUDIT Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire, M mean, MDI Major Depressive Inventory, OR Odds Ratio, PPI Peer Pressure Inventory, Ref reference category, SD standard deviation, SF-12 Short-Form Health Survey, ZKPQ Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire