Skip to main content

Table 3 Changes in average intakes of food groups, macronutrients and vitamins in females and males

From: Changes in dietary intake during puberty and their determinants: results from the GINIplus birth cohort study

 

Females

Males

 

Baselinea

Follow-upa

Change

p-valueb

Baselinea

Follow-upa

Change

p-valueb

Fruit

4.2 (2.7;6.1)

3.9 (2.3;6.4)

 

0.568

3.3 (1.9;4.9)

2.2 (1.1;3.8)

(-)

<0.001

Vegetables

1.6 (1.0;2.4)

1.9 (1.1;3.0)

(+)

<0.001

1.2 (0.7;1.8)

1.2 (0.6;1.8)

 

0.427

Starchy vegetables

2.2 (1.4;3.5)

1.9 (1.2;3.2)

(-)

<0.001

2.1 (1.4;3.3)

1.8 (1.2;2.9)

(-)

<0.001

Whole grains

2.4 (0.7;7.2)

3.0 (0.9;7.6)

(+)

0.026

2.1 (0.3;6.5)

2.4 (0.5;6.0)

 

0.767

Refined grains

27.8 (23.1;33.9)

28.8 (23.2;35.6)

(+)

0.021

27.4 (21.5;33)

26.7 (21.1;33.3)

 

0.616

Meat

11.3 (7.7;15.8)

11.1 (6.9;15.4)

(−)

0.043

12.8 (9.3;17.3)

13.7 (10;18.8)

(+)

<0.001

Fish

1.1 (0.6;1.8)

1.1 (0.5;1.8)

 

0.124

1.3 (0.7;1.9)

1.3 (0.7;2.0)

 

0.885

Eggs

0.6 (0.3;1.0)

0.6 (0.3;1.0)

 

0.440

0.5 (0.3;0.9)

0.5 (0.3;1.0)

 

0.729

Nuts and seeds

0.3 (0.1;0.9)

0.4 (0.0;0.8)

 

0.940

0.3 (0.1;0.8)

0.3 (0.0;0.9)

 

0.287

Butter

0.6 (0.1;2.3)

0.7 (0.1;2.4)

 

0.209

0.6 (0.0;2.3)

0.8 (0.1;2.3)

 

0.380

Margarine

0.3 (0.0;1.3)

0.2 (0.0;1.1)

(−)

0.013

0.3 (0.0;1.3)

0.2 (0.0;0.9)

(−)

<0.001

Oils

1.2 (0.6;2.4)

1.4 (0.6;2.6)

(+)

0.023

1.1 (0.5;2.3)

1.2 (0.6;2.1)

 

0.863

Dairy

10.4 (6.8;15.0)

9.2 (5.6;13.6)

(−)

<0.001

10.8 (6.6;16.7)

9.1 (5.5;14.2)

(−)

<0.001

Sugar-sweetened foods

15.7 (9.9;21.8)

15.1 (9.5;21.5)

 

0.611

15.4 (10.3;22.2)

15.6 (10.3;21.7)

 

0.996

Caloric drinks

7.1 (2.9;13.0)

6.1 (2.5;12.8)

 

0.819

8.0 (3.4;14.5)

10.5 (4.5;16.8)

(+)

<0.001

Tea [ml/d]

21.1 (2;89.5)

25.8 (4.4;133.6)

(+)

<0.001

10.1 (0.0;60)

10.2 (0.0;50.8)

 

0.612

Water [ml/d]

651.0 (339.6;939.1)

906.7 (575.4;1355)

(+)

<0.001

634.4 (277.8;1046)

944.9 (376.3; 1530)

(+)

<0.001

Protein

14.5 (13.0;16.2)

14.6 (12.8;16.2)

 

0.229

14.8 (13.2;16.3)

15.2 (13.4;17.0)

(+)

<0.001

Fat

29.8 (26.2;34.0)

29.7 (26.5;33.6)

 

0.195

30.5 (27.5;34.3)

30.8 (27.4;35.3)

(+)

<0.001

Carbohydrate

55.4 (50.9;59.5)

55.5 (50.9;59.5)

 

0.062

54.8 (49.8;58.8)

53.5 (48.5;58.3)

(−)

<0.001

n3 PUFA

0.6 (0.5;0.6)

0.6 (0.5;0.7)

 

0.721

0.5 (0.5;0.6)

0.6 (0.5;0.7)

(+)

<0.001

n6 PUFA

3.8 (3.3;4.5)

3.9 (3.3;4.7)

 

0.818

3.9 (3.3;4.6)

4.0 (3.3;4.7)

(+)

<0.001

Retinol [mg/d]

0.4 (0.3;0.5)

0.3 (0.2;0.5)

(−)

<0.001

0.4 (0.3;0.7)

0.5 (0.3;0.7)

 

0.053

Beta Carotene [mg/d]

4.0 (2.6;5.9)

3.9 (2.4;5.8)

 

0.752

3.5 (2.2;5.4)

3.3 (2.0;5.2)

 

0.076

Vitamin C [mg/d]

99.4 (71.3;136.8)

97.7 (69.0;146.1)

 

0.264

98 (68.3;130.7)

102.2 (72.4;140.9)

(+)

0.019

alpha tocopherol [mg/d]

7.8 (6.1;9.8)

7.9 (6.0;10.4)

 

0.130

8.2 (6.4;10.4)

9.0 (7.1;11.5)

(+)

<0.001

  1. aMedian (25th percentile; 75th percentile), presented in %EI unless stated otherwise
  2. bPaired Wilcoxon rank sum test; (+) = significant increase from baseline to follow-up: p-value < 0.05; (−) = significant decrease from baseline to follow-up: p-value < 0.05