Changes in dietary intake during puberty and their determinants: results from the GINIplus birth cohort study

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Basic characteristics of the study population

	Females		Males		p-value^a
	n	% or mean _(SD)	n	% or mean _(SD)
N	643		589
Parental education level^b	623		568
Low (≤ 10 years)	178	28.6	211	37.1	0.002*
High (> 10 years)	445	71.4	357	62.9
Family income level^c	592		536
Low	168	28.4	166	31.0	0.609
Medium	229	38.7	196	36.6
High	195	32.9	174	32.5
Child education level	596		552
Low (≤ 10 years)	210	35.2	215	38.9	0.215
High (> 10 years)	386	64.8	337	61.1
Pubertal onset at BL	633		579
Yes	294	46.4	63	10.9	<0.001*
No	339	53.6	516	89.1
Pubertal onset at FU	553		490
Pre-pubertal	0	0	6	1.2	<0.001*
Early puberty	0	0	20	4.1
Mid-puberty	22	4	174	35.5
Late puberty	450	81.4	286	58.4
Post-pubertal	81	14.6	4	0.8
BMI [kg/m²]	589	16.7 (2.3)	527	16.8 (2.3)	0.508
Screen-time^d	631		584
Low (≤ 2 h)	578	91.6	523	89.6	0.261
High (> 2 h)	53	8.4	61	10.4
Age at BL [y]	641	11 (0.5)	588	11 (0.5)	0.169
Age at FU [y]	643	15.5 (0.3)	589	15.5 (0.3)	0.961
Energy intake at BL [kcal/day]	643	1831.4 (488.1)	589	2105.4 (562.3)	<0.001*
% Protein at BL	643	14.7	589	14.8	0.597
% Fat at BL	643	30.4	589	31	0.052
% Carbohydrate at BL	643	54.9	589	54.2	0.067
Energy intake at FU [kcal/day]	643	1784.1 (568)	589	2387.4 (657.7)	<0.001*
% Protein at FU	643	14.8	589	15.3	0.001*
% Fat at FU	643	30.1	589	31.3	0.001*
% Carbohydrate at FU	643	55.1	589	53.4	<0.001*
Diet start/stop between BL and FU	630		572
Yes	86	13.7	36	6.3	<0.001*
No	544	86.3	536	93.7
Study center	643		589
Munich	334	51.9	313	53.1	0.717
Wesel	309	48.1	276	46.9
Study arm	643		589
Control group	348	54.1	329	55.9	0.579
Infant intervention	295	45.9	260	44.1

SD standard deviation, BL baseline, FU follow-up
^atested by Pearson’s Chi² test (categorical variables) or by Student’s t-test; *p-value < 0.05
^bHighest level achieved by mother or father
^cTertiles stratified by study centre and merged
^dHours spent on screen-time behaviours.)

ISSN: 1471-2458