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Table 1 Food groups and list of corresponding food items

From: Changes in dietary intake during puberty and their determinants: results from the GINIplus birth cohort study

Major food group

Food groups

FFQ Food items

1. Fruit

Whole fruit

Apples, Pears

 

Tropical fruits

Berries

Berries

2. Vegetables (excl. potatoes)

Green Leafy

Spinach, chard

 

Cruciferous vegetables

 

Lettuce

Red/Orange

Carrots

Peppers

3. Starchy vegetables

Potatoes

Boiled-, jacket-potato

Fried potatoes

Chips, croquettes

4. Whole grains

Wholegrain bread

Wholegrain bread/toast

Wholegrain cereals

Muesli, cereals

5. Refined grains

White breads

White bread/toast

Bread roll, Pretzel

Sweet breads

Raisin bread

Croissant, chocolate bread

Brown bread

Brown-, rye-, multi-grain

Refined cereals

Cornflakes

Pasta

Pasta, noodles

Rice

Rice

Pizza

Pizza

Salty snacks

Snack mixes

6. Meat

Red meat

Pork

Beef, veal

Offal

Offal

Processed meat

Salami

Leberwurst

Cold meat

Bratwurst

Sausage, Wiener-, pork-sausage

Poultry

Poultry meat

Ready-to-eat meals

Ready-to-eat meals with meat

7. Fish

Fresh fish

Freshwater fish

Salt-water fish

Canned fish

Bismarck herring, matie

Canned fish

Breaded fish

Fish fingers

8. Egg

Egg

Eggs, scrambled/fried

9. Nuts, seeds

Nuts

Nuts

Seeds

Pumpkin-, pine, sunflower-seed

10. Butter

Butter

Butter

Butter (in cooking)

11. Margarine

Margarine

Margarine, sunflower spread

Margarine (in cooking)

Low-fat margarine

Low-fat margarine

Low-fat margarine (in cooking)

12. Oils

High MUFA oils

Olive oil

High PUFA oils

Safflower oil

Sunflower oil

Maize germ oil

Walnut oil

Vegetable oil

13. Dairy

Milk and milk products

Milk

Cream cheese, quark (curd)

Buttermilk, whey

Hard cheese

Soft cheese

Cream, crème fraiche

Yoghurt, fruit yoghurt

14. Sugar-sweetened foods

Cakes and biscuits

Cream tart

Pastries

Biscuits, cookies

Sponge cake

Pie

Chocolate

Chocolate

Chocolate bars

Sweets and sugars

Choco-hazelnut spread

Sugar beet molasses

Gummy bears

Dairy products with added sugars

Cocoa, milkshake

Semolina pudding, rice pudding

Ice cream

15. Caloric drinks

Sugar-sweetened-drinks

Lemonade, coke, ice tea

Sport-, energy-drinks

Fruit and vegetable juices

Squash, fruit nectar

Fruit juice

Vegetable juice

Diluted juice

16. Water

Water

Mineral-, tap water

17. Tea

Tea

Tea