Table 3 Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for diarrheal disease associated with individual and country level characteristics among children under 5 years from developing countries calculated using an HLM multivariate multilevel logistic regressions population average fixed effects

 Female sex

0.923

[0.902, 0.944]

0.922

[0.900, 0.944]

 Age of the child (months)

0.979

[0.978, 0.979]

0.978

[0.978, 0.979]

 Immunizations

0.820

[0.773, 0.870]

0.821

[0.799, 0.843]

  Low birth weight

  Normal weight at birth

0.881

[0.838, 0.926]

0.879

[0.834, 0.926]

  No weighed at birth

0.879

[0.835, 0.926]

0.879

[0.834, 0.926]

 Duration of breastfeeding (months)

0.984

[0.982, 1.098]

0.984

[0.966, 1.098]

 Age of the mother (years)

0.987

[0.986, 0.989]

0.987

[0.985, 0.989]

  No education of the mother^a

1.422

[1.299, 1.557]

1.416

[1.283, 1.564]

  Elementary education

1.430

[1.341, 1.524]

1.453

[1.357, 1.556]

  High school education

1.274

[1.200, 1.353]

1.286

[1.205, 1.373]

  Superior education

 Employment

1.135

[1.106, 1.165]

1.136

[1.106, 1.167]

 Planned pregnancy

0.776

[0.756, 0.797]

0.774

[0.753, 0.795]

 Nuclear family

0.943

[0.925, 0.974]

0.949

[0.923, 0.975]

 Urban residence

1.047

[1.014, 1.081]

1.044

[0.969, 1.079]

 Wealth Index

0.950

[0.922, 0.972]

0.948

[0.921, 0.977]

Country

IOR

 Country-level Income

  Low income

1.488

[1.024, 2.163]

[1.094, 2.131]

  Lower middle income

1.157

[0.786, 1.704]

[0.817,1.629]

  Upper middle income

 Inequality

1.335

[1.117, 1.663]

[0.954, 1.470]

  Low health expenditure

  Middle health expenditure

1.192

[0.888, 1.601]

[0.916, 1.548]

  High health expenditure

1.006

[0.590, 1.715]

[0.989, 0.994]