Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries

Table 4 Factors that determine antimicrobial self-medication

Region	Number of studies	Studies with Multivariable regression analysis	Number of respondents	Determinants of antimicrobial Self-medication
Africa	3/15	Sapkota, 2010	706	Lower lever of education (OR: 2.8, 95 % CI: 1.1-7.1, P = 0.03)
				Non-science qualification (OR: 1.58, 95 % CI: 1.03-2.2.5, P = 0.04)
				Severity of illness (mild to moderate) (OR: 1.64, 95 % CI: 1.01-2.67, P = 0.05)
		Osemene, 2012	2000	Age (≥ 45 years) (OR: 3.4, P = 0.001)
		Osemene, 2012	2000	Female gender (OR: 3.8, P = 0.001)
		Awad, 2005	1750	Female gender (OR: 1.8, 95 % CI: 1.4-2.4
^aAsia	0/8	None	None	None
Middle East	1/8	Al-Azzam, 2007	8864	Age (18-39 years) (OR: 1.59, 95 % CI: 1.3-1.95, P < 0.05)
				Education (primary) (OR: 2.1, 95 % CI: 1.09-2.08, P < 0.013)
				Income status (middle) (OR: 1.48, 95 % CI: 1.18-1.85, P = 0.001)
^aS. America	0/3	None	None	None

^aNo single study done in South America or Asia performed multivariable regression analysis to establish determinants of antimicrobial self-medication

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