Table 1 Previous studies on the associations between GIS-derived walkability and daily steps in adults
Overall Walking | Utilitarian Walking | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Author, Publication Date | N | Age | Location | Sampling Design | Neighbourhood Walkability Measurement (cut-off for high vs. low walkability) | Measurement | Findings | Associationa | Difference in mean steps per day for people living in high versus low walkability neighbourhoods (95 % confidence interval) b | Measurement | Findings | Associationa | Difference in mean time walking for utilitarian purposes for people living in high versus low walkability neighbourhoods (95 % confidence interval) b |
Kondo, 2009 | 112 | 30 to 69 | Hagi City, Japan | Sampling from high and low walkable neighbourhoods using a stratified random sampling method based on sex and 5-year age strata. | GIS-derived walkability based on street connectivity, residential density, land use mix (not specified) | Accelerometer | High walkability: 9364 steps/day; SE 567 | INC | 1071 steps/day (95 % CI −399 to 2540) | Min/day (IPAQ)c | High walkability: 3.3 min/day; SE = 2.1 | 0 | −5 min/day (95 % CI −10 to 1) |
Low walkability: 8294 steps per day; SE 491 | Low walkability: 8.0 min/day; SE = 2.0 | ||||||||||||
Van Dyck, 2011 | 350 | 42.4 ± 13.2 | Flanders, Belgium | Sampling from high and low walkable neighbourhoods based on address list provided by the local government. | Urban vs. rural neighbourhoods based on GIS-derived walkability based on street connectivity and population density (not specified) | Pedometer | High walkability: 9323 steps/day; SD 3473 | INC | 548 steps/day (95 % CI −230 to 1326) | Min/week (NPAQ)c | High walkability: 97.5 min/week; SD = 96.4 | + | 76 min/week (95 % CI 58 to 94) |
Low walkability: 8775 steps per day; SD 3942 | Low walkability: 21.9 min/week; SD = 72.3 | ||||||||||||
Dygryn, 2010 | 70 | 20 to 64 | Olomouc, Czech Republic | Random selection of participants in city. Walkability was determined after inclusion into the study. | GIS-derived walkability based on street connectivity, residential density, floor area ratio, land use mix (upper versus lower 5 deciles) | Pedometer | High walkability: 11318 steps/day; SD 4091 | + | 2088 steps/day (95 % CI 440 to 3736) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Low walkability: 9230 steps per day; SD 2554 | |||||||||||||
Van Dyck, 2009 | 120 | 20 to 65 | Sint-Niklaas, Flanders (Belgium) | Sampling from high and low walkable neighbourhoods. Letters of invitation sent to randomly selected people. Letters were followed up with house visits to recruit people. | Two neighbourhoods with greatest contrast in GIS-derived walkability based on street connectivity and residential density (not specified) | Pedometer | High walkability: 9318 steps/day, SD 3055 | + | 1222 step/day (95 % CI 131 to 2313) | Min/week (NPAQ)c | High walkability: 104.33 min/week; SD = 95.1 | + | 82 min/week (95 % CI 53 to 110) |
Low walkability: 8096 steps per day; SD 3044 | Low walkability: 22.83 min/week; SD = 61.0 | ||||||||||||
Robertson, 2012 | 76 | 27 to 66 | Glasgow, Scotland | Sampling of people from Glasgow who were low active and part of low socioeconomic groups. Advertisement for participation was made in public locations (e.g., shops). Walkability was determined after inclusion into the study. | GIS-derived commercial and residential land use mix | Pedometer | A one-unit increase in land use mix (from no mix to a perfect mix) was associated with: | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||
1896 more steps/day (SE = 583) at 6-months post community intervention | + | 1896 steps/day(95 % CI 754 to 3038) | |||||||||||
1260 more steps/day (SE = 622) at 12-months post community intervention | + | 1260 steps /day(95 % CI 40 to 2479) | |||||||||||
Zhang, 2014 | 1,100 | 46 to 80 | Shanghai, China | Stratified random samples based on even distribution of community types. Selected households were sent letters of invitation. Walkability was determined after inclusion into the study. | GIS-derived street connectivity | Pedometer | Living in a neighbourhood one-SD above the mean street connectivity was associated with accumulating 21 more steps/day (no variance estimates reported) | Unknown based on reported information | Confidence intervals around the linear regression estimate could not be calculated based on the information reported in the text. | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |