Table 2 Prevalence of poor self-rated health by socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and chronic disease status among Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above, NHMS 2011
Variables | Prevalence (%) | 95 % CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | |||
Sex | <0.001 | ||
Men | 18.4 | 17.2–19.6 | |
Women | 21.7 | 20.5–22.9 | |
Total | 20.1 | 19.2–21.1 | |
Age group (years) | <0.001 | ||
18–29 | 16.2 | 14.7–17.8 | |
30–39 | 18.1 | 16.3–20.0 | |
40–49 | 20.2 | 18.5–22.1 | |
50–59 | 20.7 | 18.8–22.8 | |
≥60 | 32.0 | 29.6–34.6 | |
Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
Malays | 21.1 | 20.0–22.2 | |
Chinese | 16.6 | 14.9–18.3 | |
Indians | 18.7 | 15.8–22.1 | |
Other Bumiputeras | 23.6 | 20.3–27.2 | |
Others | 18.8 | 15.2–23.0 | |
Residential area | <0.001 | ||
Urban | 18.4 | 17.2–19.6 | |
Rural | 22.6 | 21.1–24.0 | |
Marital status | <0.001 | ||
Single | 15.0 | 13.6–16.5 | |
Married | 21.2 | 20.1-22.3 | |
Widow/widower/divorcee | 28.6 | 25.6–31.7 | |
Educational level | <0.001 | ||
No formal education | 30.5 | 27.2–33.9 | |
Primary education | 23.9 | 22.1–25.7 | |
Secondary education | 18.1 | 16.9–19.2 | |
Tertiary education | 16.9 | 15.3-18.7 | |
Current work status | <0.001 | ||
Working | 18.4 | 17.3–19.7 | |
Non-working | 22.6 | 21.3–24.0 | |
Monthly household income (1 MYR ≈ 0.29 USD) | 0.530 | ||
<MYR1000 | 21.1 | 19.2–23.2 | |
MYR1000-MYR1999 | 20.8 | 19.0–22.6 | |
MYR2000-MYR2999 | 19.9 | 18.0-21.9 | |
≥MYR3000 | 19.6 | 18.3–21.0 | |
LIFESTYLE FACTORS | |||
BMI status (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||
Underweight (<18.5) | 22.5 | 19.4–25.8 | |
Normal (18.5-24.9) | 18.8 | 17.6–20.1 | |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 19.6 | 18.0-21.2 | |
Obese (≥30) | 22.4 | 20.4–24.6 | |
Consumption of fruits and vegetables | 0.235 | ||
<5 servings/day | 20.3 | 19.3–21.3 | |
≥5 servings/day | 18.4 | 15.6–21.5 | |
Physical activity status | <0.001 | ||
Active | 17.8 | 16.7–18.9 | |
Inactive | 24.3 | 22.8–25.8 | |
Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
Never smoker | 20.0 | 18.9–21.0 | |
Former smoker | 27.9 | 24.8–31.2 | |
Current smoker | 18.1 | 16.5–19.8 | |
Drinking status | 0.474 | ||
Non-drinker | 20.0 | 19.0–21.0 | |
Former drinker | 22.3 | 18.8–26.2 | |
Current drinker | 19.9 | 17.2–22.9 | |
CHRONIC DISEASE STATUS | |||
Asthma | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 31.3 | 27.9–34.8 | |
No | 19.4 | 18.4–20.3 | |
Arthritis | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 38.0 | 34.0–42.2 | |
No | 19.1 | 18.2–20.0 | |
Diabetes mellitus | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 27.4 | 24.4–30.5 | |
No | 19.9 | 18.9–21.0 | |
Hypertension | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 31.2 | 28.9–33.5 | |
No | 19.5 | 17.7–19.7 | |
Hypercholesterolemia | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 32.0 | 29.0–35.3 | |
No | 19.5 | 18.5-20.5 | |
Heart disease | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 41.5 | 36.5–46.6 | |
No | 19.4 | 18.5-20.4 |