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Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of the women by country

From: Overweight status of the primary caregivers of orphan and vulnerable children in 3 Southern African countries: a cross sectional study

 

Namibia (N=6638)

Swaziland (N=2875)

Zambia (N=4497)

 

OVC primary caregiver

Non-OVC primary caregiver

Non-primary caregiver living with OVC

Non-primary caregiver not living with OVC

Total

p-value*

OVC primary caregiver

Non-OVC primary caregiver

Non-primary caregiver living with OVC

Non-primary caregiver not living with OVC

Total

p-value*

OVC primary caregiver

Non-OVC primary caregiver

Non-primary caregiver living with OVC

Non-primary caregiver not living with OVC

Total

p-value*

Nutritional Statusa, n (%)

-Underweight

234

313

101

166

814

<0.001

13

23

4

12

52

<0.001

95

228

26

32

381

<0.001

 

(13.0 %)

(10.8 %)

(14.9 %)

(13.0 %)

(12.3 %)

 

(1.7 %)

(1.4 %)

(3.3 %)

(3.6 %)

(1.8 %)

 

(7.4 %)

(8.9 %)

(10.6 %)

(8.0 %)

(8.5 %)

 

-Normal weight

964

1,440

425

725

3,554

 

291

569

65

187

1,112

 

850

1813

175

284

3122

 
 

(53.6 %)

(49.9 %)

(62.8 %)

(56.8 %)

(53.5 %)

 

(37.0 %)

(34.9 %)

(53.3 %)

(55.5 %)

(38.7 %)

 

(65.8 %)

(70.8 %)

(71.1 %)

(71.0 %)

(69.4 %)

 

-Overweight

600

1,133

151

386

2,270

 

482

1,038

53

138

1,711

 

347

518

45

84

994

 
 

(33.4 %)

(39.3 %)

(22.3 %)

(30.2 %)

(34.2 %)

 

(61.3 %)

(63.7 %)

(43.4 %)

(40.9 %)

(59.5 %)

 

(26.9 %)

(20.2 %)

(18.3 %)

(21.0 %)

(22.1 %)

 

Women’s Age in years, Mean (Standard Deviation)

 

33.69

33.53

28.63

28.86

 

<0.001

33.20

32.98

25.38

27.15

 

<0.001

32.56

32.17

27.12

28.69

 

<0.001

 

(8.1)

(7.9)

(8.4)

(8.4)

 

0.0010

(8.6)

(8.3)

(6.9)

(8.2)

  

(8.0)

(8.2)

(7.9)

(8.8)

  

Women’s Education, n(%)

-No Education

168

334

46

72

620

<0.001

88

161

7

40

296

<0.001

126

355

20

42

543

<0.001

 

(9.3 %)

(11.6 %)

(6.8 %)

(5.6 %)

(9.3 %)

 

(11.2 %)

(9.9 %)

(5.7 %)

(11.9 %)

(10.3 %)

 

(9.8 %)

(13.9 %)

(8.1 %)

(10.5 %)

(12.1 %)

 

-Primary Education

609

866

142

190

1,807

 

278

502

24

82

886

 

689

1,509

74

128

2,400

 
 

(33.9 %)

(30.0 %)

(21.0 %)

(14.9 %)

(27.2 %)

 

(35.4 %)

(30.8 %)

(19.7 %)

(24.3 %)

(30.8 %)

 

(53.3 %)

(59.0 %)

(30.1 %)

(32.0 %)

(53.4 %)

 

-Secondary Education

921

1,499

446

876

3,742

 

374

765

74

160

1,373

 

373

587

110

173

1,243

 
 

(51.2 %)

(51.9 %)

(65.9 %)

(68.6 %)

(56.4 %)

 

(47.6 %)

(46.9 %)

(60.7 %)

(47.5 %)

(47.8 %)

 

(28.9 %)

(22.9 %)

(44.7 %)

(43.2 %)

(27.6 %)

 

-Higher Education

100

187

43

139

469

 

46

202

17

55

320

 

104

108

42

57

311

 
 

(5.6 %)

(6.5 %)

(6.4 %)

(10.9 %)

(7.1 %)

 

(5.9 %)

(12.4 %)

(13.9 %)

(16.3 %)

(11.1 %)

 

(8.0 %)

(4.2 %)

(17.1 %)

(14.2 %)

(6.9 %)

 

Marital Status, n(%)

-Never Married

738

995

508

871

3,112

<0.001

224

459

95

230

1,008

<0.001

84

171

147

190

592

<0.001

 

(41.1 %)

(34.5 %)

(75.0 %)

(68.3 %)

(46.9 %)

 

(28.5 %)

(28.2 %)

(77.9 %)

(68.2 %)

(35.1 %)

 

(6.5 %)

(6.7 %)

(59.8 %)

(47.5 %)

(13.2 %)

 

-Married

928

1741

146

373

3,188

 

448

1,045

23

98

1,614

 

993

2,023

67

158

3,241

 
 

(51.7 %)

(60.3 %)

(21.6 %)

(29.2 %)

(48.0 %)

 

(57.0 %)

(64.1 %)

(18.9 %)

(29.1 %)

(56.1 %)

 

(76.9 %)

(79.1 %)

(27.2 %)

(39.5 %)

(72.1 %)

 

-Widowed

102

108

16

23

249

 

107

117

3

9

236

 

110

161

7

15

293

 
 

(5.7 %)

(3.7 %)

(2.4 %)

(1.8 %)

(3.8 %)

 

(13.6 %)

(7.2 %)

(2.5 %)

(2.7 %)

(8.2 %)

 

(8.5 %)

(6.3 %)

(2.8 %)

(3.8 %)

(6.5 %)

 

-Divorced

28

42

7

9

86

 

7

9

1

0

17

 

105

204

25

37

371

 
 

(1.6 %)

(1.5 %)

(1.0 %)

(0.7 %)

(1.3 %)

 

(0.9 %)

(0.6 %)

(0.8 %)

(0.0 %)

(0.6 %)

 

(8.1 %)

(8.0 %)

(10.2 %)

(9.2 %)

(8.2 %)

 

Work Statusb, n(%)

-Not Working

764

1,074

266

476

2,580

<0.001

366

630

73

156

1,225

<0.001

412

889

105

175

1,581

<0.001

 

(42.8 %)

(37.4 %)

(39.7 %)

(37.7 %)

(39.2 %)

 

(46.6 %)

(38.7 %)

(60.3 %)

(46.4 %)

(42.7 %)

 

(32.0 %)

(34.8 %)

(43.2 %)

(43.8 %)

(35.2 %)

 

-Working in Agriculture

264

298

63

59

684

 

45

100

6

19

170

 

326

884

28

76

1,314

 
 

(14.8 %)

(10.4 %)

(9.4 %)

(4.7 %)

(10.4 %)

 

(5.7 %)

(6.1 %)

(5.0 %)

(5.7 %)

(5.9 %)

 

(25.3 %)

(34.6 %)

(11.5 %)

(19.0 %)

(29.3 %)

 

-Working other than Agriculture

757

1,497

341

728

3,323

 

374

900

42

161

1,477

 

551

783

110

149

1,593

 
 

(42.4 %)

(52.2 %)

(50.9 %)

(57.6 %)

(50.4 %)

 

(47.6 %)

(55.2 %)

(34.7 %)

(47.9 %)

(51.4 %)

 

(42.7 %)

(30.6 %)

(45.3 %)

(37.2 %)

(35.5 %)

 

Region of Residence, n(%)

-Urban

544

1,494

258

818

3,114

<0.001

130

696

31

196

1,053

<0.001

699

906

181

232

2,018

<0.001

 

(30.3 %)

(51.8 %)

(38.1 %)

(64.1 %)

(46.9 %)

 

(16.5 %)

(42.7 %)

(25.4 %)

(58.2 %)

(36.6 %)

 

(54.1 %)

(35.4 %)

(73.6 %)

(58.0 %)

(44.9 %)

 

-Rural

1,254

1,392

419

459

3,524

 

656

934

91

141

1,822

 

593

1,653

65

168

2,479

 
 

(69.7 %)

(48.2 %)

(61.9 %)

(35.9 %)

(53.1 %)

 

(83.5 %)

(57.3 %)

(74.6 %)

(41.8 %)

(63.4 %)

 

(45.9 %)

(64.6 %)

(26.4 %)

(42.0 %)

(55.1 %)

 

Religion, n(%)

                  

-Protestant

1,364

2,160

512

1,020

5,056

0.009

108

310

30

59

507

0.009

1,042

2,001

198

309

3,550

0.611

 

(76.1 %)

(75.0 %)

(75.9 %)

(79.9 %)

(76.3 %)

 

(13.8 %)

(19.0 %)

(24.6 %)

(17.5 %)

(17.6 %)

 

(80.8 %)

(78.3 %)

(80.5 %)

(77.4 %)

(79.0 %)

 

-Roman Catholic

410

665

152

236

1,463

 

2

9

0

3

14

 

225

510

44

83

862

 
 

(22.9 %)

(23.1 %)

(22.5 %)

(18.5 %)

(22.1 %)

 

(0.3 %)

(0.6 %)

(0.0 %)

(0.9 %)

(0.5 %)

 

(17.4 %)

(20.0 %)

(17.9 %)

(20.8 %)

(19.2 %)

 

-Other/No Religion

19

55

11

21

106

 

675

1,311

92

275

2,353

 

23

45

4

7

79

 
 

(1.1 %)

(1.9 %)

(1.6 %)

(1.6 %)

(1.6 %)

 

(86.0 %)

(80.4 %)

(75.4 %)

(81.6 %)

(81.9 %)

 

(1.8 %)

(1.8 %)

(1.6 %)

(1.8 %)

(1.8 %)

 

Children ≤ 5 years in Household, n(%)

-No

442

831

399

867

2539

<0.001

178

607

74

227

1,086

<0.001

292

490

159

275

1,216

<0.001

 

(24.6 %)

(28.8 %)

(58.9 %)

(67.9 %)

(38.2 %)

 

(22.6 %)

(37.2 %)

(60.7 %)

(67.4 %)

(37.8 %)

 

(22.6 %)

(19.1 %)

(64.6 %)

(68.8 %)

(27.0 %)

 

-Yes

1356

2055

278

410

4099

 

608

1023

48

110

1789

 

1,000

2,069

87

125

3,281

 
 

(75.4 %)

(71.2 %)

(41.1 %)

(32.1 %)

(61.8 %)

 

(77.4 %)

(62.8 %)

(39.3 %)

(32.6 %)

(62.2 %)

 

(77.4 %)

(80.9 %)

(35.4 %)

(31.2 %)

(73.0 %)

 

Household Wealth, n(%)

-Poorest

369

478

120

184

1,151

<0.001

82

115

10

25

232

<0.001

321

713

43

74

1,151

<0.001

 

(20.5 %)

(16.6 %)

(17.7 %)

(14.4 %)

(17.3 %)

 

(10.4 %)

(7.1 %)

(8.2 %)

(7.4 %)

(8.1 %)

 

(24.8 %)

(27.9 %)

(17.5 %)

(18.5 %)

(25.6 %)

 

-Poorer

522

514

197

172

1,405

 

138

209

14

37

398

 

289

853

36

85

1,263

 
 

(29.0 %)

(17.8 %)

(29.1 %)

(13.5 %)

(21.2 %)

 

(17.6 %)

(12.8 %)

(11.5 %)

(11.0 %)

(13.8 %)

 

(22.4 %)

(33.3 %)

(14.6 %)

(21.2 %)

(28.1 %)

 

-Medium

253

393

78

170

894

 

241

419

27

66

753

 

201

357

34

53

645

 
 

(14.1 %)

(13.6 %)

(11.5 %)

(13.3 %)

(13.5 %)

 

(30.7 %)

(25.7 %)

(22.1 %)

(19.6 %)

(26.2 %)

 

(15.6 %)

(14.0 %)

(13.8 %)

(13.2 %)

(14.3 %)

 

-Wealthier

200

361

81

151

793

 

140

256

21

50

467

 

153

256

23

50

482

 
 

(11.1 %)

(12.5 %)

(12.0 %)

(11.8 %)

(11.9 %)

 

(17.8 %)

(15.7 %)

(17.2 %)

(14.8 %)

(16.2 %)

 

(11.8 %)

(10.0 %)

(9.3 %)

(12.5 %)

(10.7 %)

 

-Wealthiest

454

1,140

201

600

2,395

 

185

631

50

159

1,025

 

328

380

110

138

956

 
 

(25.3 %)

(39.5 %)

(29.7 %)

(47.0 %)

(36.1 %)

 

(23.5 %)

(38.7 %)

(41.0 %)

(47.2 %)

(35.7 %)

 

(25.4 %)

(14.8 %)

(44.7 %)

(34.5 %)

(21.3 %)

 
  1. aUnderweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25.0), and overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0)
  2. bNon-agricultural jobs include the following: professional, technical, management, clerical, sales, household and domestic services, skilled or unskilled manual jobs. Agricultural jobs include self-employed as well as employed people
  3. *p-values were calculated using Chi-square and ANOVA tests
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