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Table 4 Association of demographic and socio-economic characteristics with 3 different definitions of mother-child with double-burden of malnutrition

From: Double-burden of malnutrition among the indigenous peoples (Orang Asli) of Peninsular Malaysia

Demographic and socio-economic characteristics

OWOBM/UWC (n = 20)a

OWOBM/STC (n = 31)b

OWOBM/UWSTC (n = 32)c

Crude OR (95 % CI)

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

Crude OR(95 % CI)

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

Crude OR (95 % CI)

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

Ethnicitye

      

 Jah Hut

0.2 (0.0–1.2)

0.1 (0.0–0.6)*

0.8 (0.1–4.5)

0.7 (0.1–5.7)

0.4 (0.1–4.3)

0.4 (0.0–5.1)

 Temuan and Che Wongd

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Child’s sexf

      

 Boys

1.5 (0.5–4.4)

2.4 (0.6–10.3)

1.9 (0.6–6.1)

8.5 (1.3–53.0)*

1.9 (0.6–6.2)

7.2 (1.2–44.4)*

 Girlsd

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Child’s age (months)f

1.0 (1.0–1.1)*

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.0 (1.0–1.1)

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

1.0 (1.0–1.1)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

Maternal age (years)g

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)*

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.2 (1.0–1.3)

Maternal educationg

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.7 (1.1–2.6)*

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.5 (1.0–2.3)*

No of childrenh

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.3 (0.1–0.9)*

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

1.1 (0.5–2.6)

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

1.0 (0.4–2.2)

Household income per capitag

      

  < USD 29.60 (< RM 97.00)

1.3 (0.4–3.8)

1.9 (0.5–7.9)

4.2 (1.3–14.2)*

16.8 (2.4–117.3)**

3.1 (0.9–10.4)

11.1 (1.7–75.1)*

  ≥ USD 29.60 (≥ RM 97.00)d

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

  1. OWOBM/UWC overweight or obese mother/underweight child, NWM/NWC normal weight mother/normal weight child, OWOBM/STC overweight or obese mother/stunted child, NWM/NHC normal weight mother/normal height child, OWOBM/UWSTC overweight or obese mother/underweight or/and stunted child, NWM/NWNHC normal weight mother/normal weight and height child
  2. USD 1 = RM 3.30
  3. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01
  4. Reference group for outcome/dependent variables:
  5. aNWM/NWC (n = 41)
  6. bNWM/NHC (n =20)
  7. cNWM/NWNHC (n = 17)
  8. dReference group for independent variables
  9. eEthnicity variable was adjusted for household size, no of children, no of schooling children and household income per capita
  10. fEach variable was adjusted for child’s sex and age, and maternal age and education
  11. gEach variable was adjusted for child’s sex and age, maternal age and education, household size, no of children and household income per capita
  12. hNo of children variable was adjusted for child’s sex and age, ethnicity, household size, no of schooling children and household income per capita