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Table 3 Nutritional status of Orang Asli at community and household levels

From: Double-burden of malnutrition among the indigenous peoples (Orang Asli) of Peninsular Malaysia

Characteristic

Male

Female

Total

Community level: nutritional status

n = 455

n = 526

N = 981

Adults

Weight (kg) (Mean ± SD)

57.9 ± 11.7

50.0 ± 12.7

53.7 ± 12.9

Height (cm) (Mean ± SD)

159.1 ± 6.5

147.7 ± 6.2

153.0 ± 8.5

Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) (Mean ± SD)

22.8 ± 4.1

22.8 ± 4.9

22.8 ± 4.6

 Underweight (< 18.50)

38 (8.4)

89 (16.9)

127 (12.9)

 Normal (18.50–24.99)

310 (68.1)

294 (55.9)

604 (61.6)

 Overweight (25.00–29.99)

80 (17.6)

101 (19.2)

181 (18.5)

 Obese (≥ 30.00)

27 (5.9)

42 (8.0)

69 (7.0)

Mothers of children below 5 years

  

N = 205

Weight (kg) (Mean ± SD)

  

52.0 ± 11.0

Height (cm) (Mean ± SD)

  

148.7 ± 4.9

Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2)

  

23.5 ± 4.3

 Underweight (< 18.50)

  

14 (6.8)

 Normal (18.50–24.99)

  

128 (62.4)

 Overweight (25.00–29.99)

  

49 (23.9)

 Obese (≥ 30.00)

  

14 (6.9)

Children below 5 years

n = 162

n = 142

N = 304

Weight-for-age (WAZ) (Mean ± SD)

−2.0 ± 1.2

−1.7 ± 1.1

−1.9 ± 1.2

 Severe underweight(< −3.0 SD)

32 (19.8)

24 (16.9)

56 (18.4)

 Moderate underweight (−3.0 to < −2.0 SD)

56 (34.6)

36 (25.4)

92 (30.3)

 Normal (−2.0 to 2.0 SD)

74 (45.7)

82 (57.7)

156 (51.3)

Height-for-age (HAZ) (Mean ± SD)

−2.5 ± 1.3

−2.3 ± 1.2

−2.4 ± 1.2

 Severe stunting (< −3.0 SD)

55 (34.0)

34 (23.9)

89 (29.3)

 Moderate stunting (−3.0 to < −2.0 SD)

54 (33.3)

52 (36.6)

106 (34.9)

 Normal (−2.0 to 2.0 SD)

53 (32.7)

56 (39.4)

109 (35.9)

Body mass index-for-age (BAZ) (Mean ± SD)

−0.6 ± 1.1

−0.6 ± 1.1

−0.6 ± 1.1

 Severe thinness (< −3.0 SD)

4 (2.5)

2 (1.4)

6 (2.0)

 Moderate thinness (−3.0 to < −2.0 SD)

18 (11.1)

12 (8.5)

30 (9.9)

 Normal (−2.0 to < 1.0 SD)

133 (82.1)

119 (83.8)

252 (82.9)

 At risk overweight (1.0 to < 2.0 SD)

5 (3.1)

7 (4.9)

12 (3.9)

 Overweight (2.0 and above)

2 (1.2)

2 (1.4)

4 (1.3)

Household level: classification of nutritional status of mother-child pairs

N = 160

BMImother vs. WAZchild

   

 NWM/NWC

  

41 (25.6)

 OWOBM/UWC

  

20 (12.5)

 OWOBM/NWC

  

34 (21.3)

 UWM/UWC

  

7 (4.4)

 UWM/NWC

  

2 (1.3)

 NWM/UWC

  

56 (35.0)

BMImother vs. HAZchild

   

 NWM/NHC

  

20 (12.5)

 OWOBM/STC

  

31 (19.4)

 OWOBM/NHC

  

23 (14.4)

 UWM/STC

  

7 (4.4)

 UWM/NHC

  

2 (1.3)

 NWM/STC

  

77 (48.1)

BMImother vs. WAZ/HAZchild

   

 NWM/NWNHC

  

17 (10.6))

 OWOBM/UWSTC

  

32 (20.0)

 OWOBM/NWNHC

  

22 (13.8)

 UWM/UWSTC

  

8 (5.0)

 UWM/NWNHC

  

1 (0.6)

 NWM/UWSTC

  

80 (50.0)

  1. NWM/NWC normal weight mother/normal weight child, OWOBM/UWC overweight or obese mother/underweight child, OWOBM/NWC overweight or obese mother/normal weight child, UWM/UWC underweight mother/underweight child, UWM/NWC underweight mother/normal weight child, NWM/UWC normal weight mother/underweight child, NWM/NHC normal weight mother/normal height child, OWOBM/STC overweight or obese mother/stunted child, OWOBM/NHC overweight or obese mother/normal height child, UWM/STC underweight mother/stunted child, UWM/NHC underweight mother/normal height child, NWM/STC normal weight mother/stunted child, NWM/NWNHC normal weight mother/normal weight and height child, OWOBM/UWSTC overweight or obese mother/underweight or/and stunted child, OWOBM/NWNHC overweight or obese mother/normal weight and height child, UWM/UWSTC underweight mother/underweight or/and stunted child, UWM/NWNHC underweight mother/normal weight and height child, NWM/UWSTC normal weight mother/underweight or/and stunted child