Table 1 Descriptive statistics (N = 1293)

Sex^a

100.0

51.9

48.1

Age^b

56.1 (15.3)

55.9 (15.7)

56.2 (14.8)

Parental status^a

Parent (children 0–12 years)

22.7

24.0

21.4

Parent (children ≥ 13 years)

57.8

55.1

60.7

Non-parent

19.5

20.9

18.0

Education^a

≤12 years

45.0

39.3

51.1

13-14 years

14.3

15.0

13.6

≥15 years

40.7

45.8

35.3

Neighbourhood social cohesion^b

18.3 (3.4)

18.24 (3.3)

18.32 (3.4)

Area-level socio-economic disadvantage^a

Low

22.1

23.8

20.3

Medium

43.7

42.2

45.2

High

34.2

33.9

34.5

Distances adults would permit for children’s independent travel^a

Within sight

36.0

33.8

38.4

<0.5 km

26.2

23.9

28.6

0.5-1 km

18.3

19.2

17.3

>1 km

19.6

23.1

15.8

Distances adults would permit for children’s independent outdoor play^a

Within sight

45.6

39.6

52.1

<0.5 km

28.4

27.7

29.2

0.5-1 km

14.0

17.1

10.7

>1 km

12.0

15.5

8.1