Table 1 Descriptive statistics of population, covariates, PM2.5 and diabetes hospital discharge from 48 Italian provinces in 2008-2010

Women residents

64817.3

2157796.0

370685.0

435084.1

>65 years (%)

16.3

30.5

24.1

2.9

Smokers (%)

12.3

20.1

17.7

1.9

Obese (%)

6.8

11.9

9.1

1.4

Overweight (%)

22.9

36.8

27.3

3.1

Physically inactive (%)

15.6

58.9

38.7

9.4

At least junior high school diploma (%)

65.6

78.0

71.7

3.3

Hospital discharge with diabetes as primary diagnosis (cases >45ys per 10,000 standard Italian population)

8.4

83.9

23.6

13.4

Men residents

62528.3

1973046.0

348823.1

403887.9

>65 years (%)

12.4

23.9

18.5

2.4

Smokers (%)

23.2

32.7

28.2

2.0

Obese (%)

6.4

13.6

11.3

1.6

Overweight (%)

40.9

49.3

43.9

2.4

Physically inactive (%)

13.7

48.3

30.5

7.6

At least junior high school diploma (%)

76.8

87.1

80.8

2.6

Hospital discharge with diabetes as primary diagnosis (cases >45ys per 10,000 standard Italian population)

4.6

66.9

16.4

11.3

Average GDP per individual (Euro)

12776.4

29065.8

23988.0

4507.5

Average length of inappropriate hospital stay for diabetes (days per 10,000 standard Italian population)

0.0

77.4

32.2

17.5

Number of PM2.5 monitors per province

1

10

2.5

2.0

Average annual PM2.5 (ug/m3)

11.0

32.0

20.1

5.3