Stages of change of the readiness to quit smoking among a random sample of minority Arab -male smokers in Israel

Daoud, Nihaya; Hayek, Samah; Sheikh Muhammad, Ahmad; Abu-Saad, Kathleen; Osman, Amira; Thrasher, James F.; Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra

doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1950-8

Table 3 Bivariate associations: Stages of change by smoking-related factors (N = 735)

From: Stages of change of the readiness to quit smoking among a random sample of minority Arab -male smokers in Israel

	Pre-contemplation		Contemplation		Preparation		P-value⃰
	N = 454		N = 175		N = 106		P-value⃰
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Age at smoking initiation
≤15 years old	86	64.66	24	18.05	23	17.29	0.367
16-18 years	227	62.19	88	24.11	50	13.70	X² = 4.29
≥19 years old	136	59.39	62	27.07	31	13.54	DF = 4
Cigarettes per day							0.247
≥31 cigarettes	39	52.00	21	28.00	15	20.00
21-30 cigarettes	113	66.08	36	21.05	22	12.87	X² = 7.87
11-20 cigarettes	157	60.15	72	27.59	32	12.26	DF = 6
≤10 cigarettes	96	64.00	31	20.67	23	15.33	DF = 6
Duration of smoking							0.025
≥21 years	147	67.76	62	26.05	29	12.18
11-21 years	85	54.84	42	27.10	28	18.06	X² = 14.51
6-10 years	88	66.16	31	23.31	14	10.53	DF = 6
5 years or less	84	67.20	17	13.60	24	19.20	DF = 6
Previous attempts to quit
Never	312	71.89	82	18.89	40	9.22	<0.001
Once or twice	82	51.90	46	29.11	30	18.99	X² = 53.68
Three times or more	47	38.52	43	35.25	32	26.23	DF = 4
Nicotine dependence score (FTND) ^a	414	4.24 (2.66)	163	4.24 (2.47)	95	3.87 (2.60)	0.421 ^b
							KW = 1.47
							DF = 2
Parents smoking
Yes	244	61.62	85	21.46	67	16.91	0.058
No	202	61.59	88	26.83	38	11.58	X² = 5.68
No	202	61.59	88	26.83	38	11.58	DF = 2
Number of smokers at home
Two or more	189	66.32	62	21.75	34	11.93	0.032
One	146	63.48	56	24.35	28	12.17	X² = 10.52
None	108	53.73	53	26.37	40	19.90	DF = 4
Smokes indoors
No	124	52.54	67	28.39	45	19.07	0.001
Yes	324	65.85	108	21.95	60	12.20	X² = 12.56
Yes	324	65.85	108	21.95	60	12.20	DF = 2
Knowledge about smoking hazards^a	454	2.30 (0.99)	175	2.66 (0.64)	106	2.71 (0.60)	<0.001^b
							KW = 25.35
							DF = 2
Attitudes towards smoking prevention and cessation^a	454	2.01 (1.11)	175	2.49 (0.81)	106	2.50 (0.60)	<0.001 ^b
							KW = 36.94
							DF = 2
Physician advice to quit smoking							<0.001
No	304	68.47	84	18.92	56	12.61	X² = 21.39
Yes	150	51.90	91	31.49	48	16.61	DF = 2

⃰ P- value indicates the differences in the distribution of the variable of interest across the 3 levels of the stage of change
^aFor continuous variables, mean and standard deviation are presented
^bKruskel Wallis for these associations otherwise X² test

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