Females (n = 8,876) | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | ≤22.9 (n = 4,219) | 23.0–24.9 (n = 1,956) | ≥25 (n = 2,701) | P-value | |||||||||||||||
Perception of body size | Underweight (26.2 %) | Normal (57.6 %) | Overweight (16.3 %) | Underweight (5.7 %) | Normal (38.0 %) | Overweight (56.3 %) | Underweight (2.6 %) | Normal (14.9 %) | Overweight (82.5 %) | ||||||||||
Variables | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | |
Age (years) | |||||||||||||||||||
19 ~ 29 | 135 | 18.1 | 293 | 39.3 | 116 | 15.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 15 | 2.0 | 67 | 9.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 119 | 16.0 | <.0001 |
30 ~ 39 | 183 | 10.7 | 659 | 38.5 | 265 | 15.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 46 | 2.7 | 231 | 13.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 0.7 | 314 | 18.4 | |
40 ~ 49 | 140 | 8.7 | 515 | 31.9 | 149 | 9.2 | 2 | 0.1 | 75 | 4.6 | 286 | 17.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 18 | 1.1 | 430 | 26.6 | |
50 ~ 59 | 163 | 9.1 | 446 | 24.9 | 104 | 5.8 | 6 | 0.3 | 153 | 8.5 | 294 | 16.4 | 6 | 0.3 | 52 | 2.9 | 569 | 31.7 | |
60 ~ 69 | 181 | 11.8 | 270 | 17.6 | 31 | 2.0 | 26 | 1.7 | 227 | 14.8 | 156 | 10.2 | 20 | 1.3 | 126 | 8.2 | 494 | 32.3 | |
≥70 | 302 | 20.4 | 246 | 16.6 | 21 | 1.4 | 78 | 5.3 | 227 | 15.3 | 67 | 4.5 | 44 | 3.0 | 194 | 13.1 | 302 | 20.4 | |
Income | |||||||||||||||||||
Low | 329 | 17.2 | 364 | 19.0 | 57 | 3.0 | 70 | 3.7 | 240 | 12.5 | 128 | 6.7 | 43 | 2.2 | 195 | 10.2 | 487 | 25.5 | <.0001 |
Mid-low | 252 | 11.0 | 587 | 25.7 | 164 | 7.2 | 19 | 0.8 | 202 | 8.8 | 297 | 13.0 | 12 | 0.5 | 115 | 5.0 | 640 | 28.0 | |
Mid-high | 232 | 9.9 | 746 | 31.8 | 236 | 10.1 | 11 | 0.5 | 148 | 6.3 | 287 | 12.2 | 9 | 0.4 | 58 | 2.5 | 618 | 26.4 | |
High | 291 | 12.5 | 732 | 31.4 | 229 | 9.8 | 12 | 0.5 | 153 | 6.6 | 389 | 16.7 | 6 | 0.3 | 35 | 1.5 | 483 | 20.7 | |
Educational level | |||||||||||||||||||
Below elementary school | 455 | 15.4 | 492 | 16.7 | 65 | 2.2 | 103 | 3.5 | 417 | 14.1 | 229 | 7.8 | 63 | 2.1 | 314 | 10.6 | 811 | 27.5 | <.0001 |
Middle school graduated | 94 | 9.9 | 205 | 21.6 | 38 | 4.0 | 5 | 0.5 | 109 | 11.5 | 131 | 13.8 | 5 | 0.5 | 44 | 4.6 | 316 | 33.4 | |
High school graduated | 254 | 9.3 | 833 | 30.4 | 300 | 11.0 | 4 | 0.1 | 151 | 5.5 | 420 | 15.3 | 1 | 0.0 | 33 | 1.2 | 741 | 27.1 | |
Above University graduated | 301 | 13.4 | 899 | 40.1 | 283 | 12.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 66 | 2.9 | 321 | 14.3 | 1 | 0.0 | 12 | 0.5 | 360 | 16.0 | |
Economic activity | |||||||||||||||||||
Yes | 493 | 12.0 | 1,166 | 28.3 | 318 | 7.7 | 41 | 1.0 | 320 | 7.8 | 562 | 13.6 | 16 | 0.4 | 154 | 3.7 | 1,048 | 25.4 | <.0001 |
No | 611 | 12.8 | 1,263 | 26.5 | 368 | 7.7 | 71 | 1.5 | 423 | 8.9 | 539 | 11.3 | 54 | 1.1 | 249 | 5.2 | 1,180 | 24.8 | |
Marital status | |||||||||||||||||||
Married | 708 | 10.8 | 1,832 | 28.1 | 540 | 8.3 | 50 | 0.8 | 534 | 8.2 | 894 | 13.7 | 34 | 0.5 | 232 | 3.6 | 1,704 | 26.1 | <.0001 |
Separated/Bereavement/Divorced | 266 | 16.1 | 319 | 19.3 | 44 | 2.7 | 62 | 3.7 | 198 | 12.0 | 136 | 8.2 | 36 | 2.2 | 170 | 10.3 | 425 | 25.7 | |
Single | 130 | 18.8 | 278 | 40.2 | 102 | 14.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 1.6 | 71 | 10.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 99 | 14.3 | |
Sleep duration | |||||||||||||||||||
Less than 6 h | 469 | 12.5 | 933 | 24.9 | 220 | 5.9 | 59 | 1.6 | 358 | 9.6 | 451 | 12.0 | 39 | 1.0 | 220 | 5.9 | 999 | 26.7 | <.0001 |
7–8 h | 530 | 12.0 | 1,311 | 29.6 | 398 | 9.0 | 37 | 0.8 | 328 | 7.4 | 592 | 13.4 | 23 | 0.5 | 149 | 3.4 | 1,061 | 24.0 | |
More than 9 h | 105 | 15.0 | 185 | 26.5 | 68 | 9.7 | 16 | 2.3 | 57 | 8.2 | 58 | 8.3 | 8 | 1.1 | 34 | 4.9 | 168 | 24.0 | |
Smoking status | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-smoker/Ex-smoker | 1,043 | 12.3 | 2,312 | 27.3 | 642 | 7.6 | 109 | 1.3 | 726 | 8.6 | 1,051 | 12.4 | 69 | 0.8 | 394 | 4.7 | 2,126 | 25.1 | 0.0019 |
Smoker | 61 | 15.1 | 117 | 29.0 | 44 | 10.9 | 3 | 0.7 | 17 | 4.2 | 50 | 12.4 | 1 | 0.2 | 9 | 2.2 | 102 | 25.2 | |
Alcohol consumption | |||||||||||||||||||
Never | 526 | 15.1 | 843 | 24.2 | 164 | 4.7 | 67 | 1.9 | 346 | 9.9 | 365 | 10.5 | 50 | 1.4 | 235 | 6.8 | 885 | 25.4 | <.0001 |
Less than 1 time per month | 367 | 11.3 | 923 | 28.3 | 287 | 8.8 | 27 | 0.8 | 252 | 7.7 | 448 | 13.7 | 15 | 0.5 | 107 | 3.3 | 833 | 25.6 | |
Less than 3 times per week | 188 | 9.5 | 622 | 31.5 | 223 | 11.3 | 15 | 0.8 | 126 | 6.4 | 270 | 13.7 | 4 | 0.2 | 54 | 2.7 | 472 | 23.9 | |
More than 4 times per week | 23 | 14.2 | 41 | 25.3 | 12 | 7.4 | 3 | 1.9 | 19 | 11.7 | 18 | 11.1 | 1 | 0.6 | 7 | 4.3 | 38 | 23.5 | |
Stress awareness | |||||||||||||||||||
High | 360 | 14.6 | 637 | 25.8 | 225 | 9.1 | 40 | 1.6 | 164 | 6.6 | 287 | 11.6 | 26 | 1.1 | 84 | 3.4 | 648 | 26.2 | <.0001 |
Moderate | 558 | 11.0 | 1,474 | 29.1 | 398 | 7.9 | 41 | 0.8 | 425 | 8.4 | 682 | 13.5 | 24 | 0.5 | 197 | 3.9 | 1,263 | 25.0 | |
Low | 186 | 13.8 | 318 | 23.7 | 63 | 4.7 | 31 | 2.3 | 154 | 11.5 | 132 | 9.8 | 20 | 1.5 | 122 | 9.1 | 317 | 23.6 | |
Moderate physical activity | |||||||||||||||||||
No | 1,027 | 12.6 | 2,253 | 27.6 | 635 | 7.8 | 102 | 1.3 | 679 | 8.3 | 1,012 | 12.4 | 61 | 0.7 | 369 | 4.5 | 2,013 | 24.7 | 0.0755 |
Yes | 77 | 10.6 | 176 | 24.3 | 51 | 7.0 | 10 | 1.4 | 64 | 8.8 | 89 | 12.3 | 9 | 1.2 | 34 | 4.7 | 215 | 29.7 | |
Survey year | |||||||||||||||||||
2010 | 330 | 11.8 | 752 | 26.8 | 222 | 7.9 | 38 | 1.4 | 227 | 8.1 | 382 | 13.6 | 21 | 0.7 | 125 | 4.5 | 708 | 25.2 | <.0001 |
2011 | 416 | 13.3 | 863 | 27.5 | 238 | 7.6 | 39 | 1.2 | 257 | 8.2 | 360 | 11.5 | 24 | 0.8 | 148 | 4.7 | 792 | 25.2 | |
2012 | 358 | 12.2 | 814 | 27.7 | 226 | 7.7 | 35 | 1.2 | 259 | 8.8 | 359 | 12.2 | 25 | 0.9 | 130 | 4.4 | 728 | 24.8 | |
Menopause | |||||||||||||||||||
Not yet | 464 | 11.1 | 1,499 | 35.8 | 534 | 12.8 | 3 | 0.1 | 152 | 3.6 | 599 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 34 | 0.8 | 898 | 21.5 | 0.7918 |
Yes | 640 | 13.6 | 930 | 19.8 | 152 | 3.2 | 109 | 2.3 | 591 | 12.6 | 502 | 10.7 | 70 | 1.5 | 369 | 7.9 | 1,330 | 28.3 | |
Total energy intake | 1,683.0 | ±649.9 | 1,747.8 | ±656.5 | 1,724.0 | ±699.4 | 1,447.7 | ±608.8 | 1,629.2 | ±576.5 | 1,683.4 | ±654.6 | 1,412.0 | ±423.2 | 1,610.2 | ±643.0 | 1,694.6 | ±650.1 | <.0001 |
Total | 1,104 | 12.4 | 2,429 | 27.4 | 686 | 7.7 | 112 | 1.3 | 743 | 8.4 | 1,101 | 12.4 | 70 | 0.8 | 403 | 4.5 | 2,228 | 25.1 |