Table 2 Economic and medical variables in retired type 1 diabetes patients and employed patients

N

85 (4.2)

1,961 (95.8)

-

Age

42.7 ± 10.6

26.9 ± 9.2

<0.001

Age at diagnosis of diabetes, y

18.5 ± 9.1

14.2 ± 7.9

<0.001

Female, n (%)

44 (51.8)

1,120 (57.1)

0.27

Duration of diabetes, y

24.2 ± 9.1

12.7 ± 7.7

<0.001

Ethnicity*

0.05

Caucasian

57 (67.4)

1,120 (57.1)

Non-Caucasian*

28 (32.6)

841 (42.9)

Economic status, n (%)

0.01

High

2 (2.3)

195 (9.9)

Medium

21 (25.6)

529 (26.9)

Low

27 (31.1)

690 (35.2)

Very low

35 (40.7)

547 (27.9)

Geographical region

0.02

North/Northeast

13 (15.1)

589 (30.1)

Southeast

44 (51.2)

776 (39.6)

South

23 (27.9)

472 (24.1)

Midwest

5 (5.8)

123 (6.3

BMI

24.6 ± 4.0

23.5 ± 3.6

0.005

Overweight or obesity, n (%)

36 (42.9)

615 (31.5)

0.03

Fasting glycemia (mg/dL)

191.2 ± 115.5

177.7 ± 104.1

0.2

HbA1c (%)HbA1c (mmol/mol)

8.9 ± 1.874 ± 19.7

9.3 ± 2.378 ± 25.1

0.2

HbA1c <7.0%, n (%)

6 (7.6)

244 (14.4)

0.9

HbA1c ≥9.0%, n (%)

34 (43.0)

799 (47.2)

0.2

sBP (mmHg)

128.1 ± 16.7

116.8 ± 16.0

<0.001

dBP (mmHg)

79.8 ± 9.8

74.9 ± 10.8

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

173.9 ± 44.2

173.2 ± 43.3

0.8

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

121.8 ± 116.6

95.3 ± 70.8

0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

54.6 ± 18.3

53.1 ± 15.2

0.4

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

96.4 ± 34.6

101.5 ± 34.5

0.19

Current smoker, y (%)

4 (4.7)

123 (6.3)

0.06

Insulin dose (U/kg/day)

0.68 ± 0.35

0.87 ± 0.35

<0.001

Number of clinical visits (previous year)

4.3 ± 1.7

3.9 ± 1.6

0.01

Chronic complications, n (%)

Microvascular

68 (80.0)

538 (31.6)

<0.0001

Macrovascular

27 (31.8)

85 (5.0)

<0.0001

Micro and macrovascular

69 (81.2)

575 (33.8)

<0.0001

Foot pathologies, n (%)

Ulcer

4 (4.7)

31 (1.8)

0.16

Amputation

9 (10.6)

9 (0.5)

<0.0001

Charcot arthropathy

2 (2.4)

5 (0.3)

0.01

Severe hypoglycemia

22 (37.9)

228 (18.5)

0.007