Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies: study setting, sample size, and study participants
First author and year | Country | Study setting | Baseline sample size (intervention/usual care) | End of study number (intervention/usual care) | Average age (intervention/usual care) | Sex (Female) (intervention/usual care) | Socioeconomic status | Education level | Average HbA1c at baseline (%) (intervention/usual care) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thom 2013 [35] | USA | Public health clinics | 148/151 | 122/114 | 54.1/56.3 years | 53.0%/51.4% | Low-income | 35.6%: < high school education | 9.84/10.14 |
Dang 2013 [36] | Vietnam | Diabetes outpatient clinic | 51/51 | 42/44 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 7.96/7.85 |
Prezio 2013 [37] | USA | Community health services clinic | 90/90 | 78/78 | 47.9/45.7 years | 66.7%/54.4% | NR | 24.1%: < 6 years; 46%: 6–11 years; 29.9%: ≥12 years. | 8.9/8.7 |
Long 2012 [38] | USA | Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center | 39/39 | 38/39 | 60/60 years | 0/8% | NR | 68%: <12 years | 9.8/9.9 |
Spencer 2011 [39] | USA | 2 Communities | 84/99 | 58/69 | 50/55 year | 75%/61% | NR | NR | 8.6/8.5 |
Smith 2011 [17] | Ireland | 20 Practices | 192/203 | 166/171 | 66.1/63.2 years | 46%/46% | NR | 41%: primary education; 8%: third level education | 7.2/7.2 |
Lorig 2009 [18] | USA | Community | 186/159 | 161/133 | 67.7/65.4 years | 62.4%/66.2% | NR | Mean: 15.9 ± 2.96 years | 6.70/6.74 |
Lorig 2008 [40] | USA | Community | 219/198 | 179/173 | 52.9/52.8 years | 57.1%/67.2% | NR | Mean: 7.68 ± 4.49 years | 7.44/7.38 |
Murrock 2009 [41] | USA | Community | 24/22 | 20/18 | 58.5/67.1 years | 100%/100% | NR | NR | 7.7/7.4 |
Philis-Tsimikas 2011 [42] | USA | Community health centers | 104/103 | 64/81 | 52.2/49.2 years | 66.3%/74.8% | The majority of participants were low-income | 54.8%: < 8 years; 45.2%: ≥8 years | 10.5/10.3 |
Lujan 2007 [43] | USA | Community clinic | 75/75 | 71/70 | 58 years (total) | 80% (total) | 42%: ≦$10.000 per year | 95%: < high school education | 8.21/7.71 |
Samuel-Hodge 2009 [46] | USA | Churches | 117/84 | 102/72 | 57.0/61.3 years | 64%/63% | 44%: ≦$10.000 per year | mean: 12.6 ± 0.4 years | 7.7/7.9 |
Feathers 2005 [45] | USA | Community health centers | 111/98 | 91/98 | 58.5 years/NR | 79%/79% | NR | 43.0%: < high school; 20.0%: high school; 23.0%: college | 8.4/8.4 |