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Table 2 Multilevel Logistic Regressions of outcome 1 (MI only) and outcome2 (any CVDs)

From: Cross-sectional associations between residential environmental exposures and cardiovascular diseases

 

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

 

Model 1‡ + all neighbourhood factors

Model 2 + selected individual factors

Model 3 + BMI and physical activity

 

MI only: Odds ratio (95% CI)

Any CVDs: Odds ratio (95% CI)

MI only: Odds ratio (95% CI)

Any CVDs: Odds ratio (95% CI)

MI only: Odds ratio (95% CI)

Any CVDs: Odds ratio (95% CI)

Total (n = 2411)

Neighbourhood level factors

Median household income (in $10,000)

0.92 (0.85-0.98)*

0.96 (0.94-0.98)*

0.94 (0.86-1.02)

0.98 (0.94-1.02)

1.02 (0.89-1.15)

1.16 (0.79-1.53)

Food stores density

      

  Q1 (low) vs. Q4 (high)

1.60 (1.11-2.10)**

1.48 (1.07-1.90)**

1.23 (1.02-1.44)*

1.12 (1.01-1.23)*

1.07 (0.99-1.15)

1.03 (0.92-1.14)

  Q2 vs. Q4

1.51 (0.99-2.02)

1.39 (0.95-1.83)

1.24 (0.95-1.53)

1.04 (0.89-1.19)

1.04 (0.90-1.18)

1.02 (0.87-1.17)

  Q3 vs. Q4

1.43 (0.92-1.93)

1.18 (0.82-1.54)

1.09 (0.91-1.27)

0.99 (0.80-1.18)

1.01 (0.89-1.13)

0.99 (0.78-1.2)

Fast food density

      

  Q1 (low) vs. Q4 (high)

0.89 (0.81-0.97)*

0.9 (0.83-0.96)*

0.95 (0.91-0.98)*

0.97 (0.95-0.99)*

1.00 (0.94-1.07)

1.01 (0.93-1.09)

  Q2 vs. Q4

0.96 (0.94-0.99)*

0.99 (0.90-1.09)

1.00 (0.93-1.07)

1.02 (0.96-1.08)

1.01 (0.84-1.18)

1.07 (0.87-1.27)

  Q3 vs. Q4

1.01 (0.8-1.22)

1.01 (0.91-1.11)

1.02 (0.86-1.15)

1.01 (0.94-1.08)

1.03 (0.74-1.32)

1.04 (0.81-1.27)

Proportion CT Parks and recreational

      

  Q1 (low) vs. Q4 (high)

1.19 (1.10-1.31)**

1.17 (0.31-2.03)

1.1 (1.02-1.18)*

0.98 (0.44-1.52)

1.05 (0.80-1.30)

1.03 (0.11-1.95)

  Q2 vs. Q4

1.07 (1.01-1.13)*

1.13 (0.21-2.05)

1.02 (0.73-1.31)

0.99 (0.27-1.71)

1.09 (0.63-1.55)

1.15 (0.22-2.08)

  Q3 vs. Q4

1.0 (0.89-1.11)

1.03 (0.53-1.53)

1.02 (0.84-1.20)

1.17 (0.46-1.88)

1.06 (0.72-1.40)

1.21 (0.47-1.95)

Violent crimes per capita

      

  Q1 (low) vs. Q4 (high)

0.85 (0.78-0.92)*

0.79 (0.71-0.87)***

0.87 (0.76-0.98)*

0.80 (0.71-0.89)***

0.93 (0.87-0.99)*

0.82 (0.72-0.92)**

  Q2 vs. Q4

0.89 (0.82-0.96)*

0.84 (0.73-0.95)**

0.93 (0.85-1.01)

0.88 (0.79-0.97)*

0.94 (0.79-1.09)

0.90 (0.78-1.02)

  Q3 vs. Q4

0.91 (0.80-1.02)

0.89 (0.67-1.11)

0.98 (0.87-1.09)

0.95 (0.72-1.18)

1.02 (0.86-1.18)

1.00 (0.74-1.27)

Proportion of housing requiring major repairs in CT

      

  Q1 (low) vs. Q4 (high)

0.79 (0.28-1.30)

0.66 (0.25-1.07)

0.90 (0.61-1.19)

0.97 (0.48-1.46)

0.94 (0.62-1.10)

0.99 (0.51-1.47)

  Q2 vs. Q4

0.83 (0.42-1.24)

0.80 (0.45-1.15)

0.92 (0.48-1.36)

1.00 (0.47-1.54)

0.96 (0.51-1.41)

1.03 (0.54-1.52)

  Q3 vs. Q4

0.91 (0.6-1.22)

0.74 (0.37-1.11)

0.94 (0.55-1.33)

1.02 (0.46-1.58)

0.98 (0.57-1.39)

1.09 (0.82-1.36)

Within 100 m of a major road

4.07 (2.91-7.56)***

2.33 (1.45-3.97)**

3.86 (2.39-6.13)***

2.01 (1.87-2.55)**

3.79 (2.25-5.53)***

1.97 (1.67-2.49)**

Disturbed by noise at home 1

      

  1. Strongly Agree

5.21 (1.88-15.78)***

3.37 (1.61-6.75)***

4.84 (1.69-13.63)**

3.25 (1.59-6.19)**

4.83 (1.65-13.20)**

3.19 (1.55-6.25)**

  2. Agree

1.51 (0.82-4.91)

1.48 (0.84-3.83)

1.41 (0.67-4.42)

1.39 (0.41-3.74)

1.38 (0.55-4.01)

1.23 (0.47-3.66)

  3. Neither agree or disagree

1.28 (0.59-3.89)

1.17 (0.60-3.69)

1.25 (0.52-3.72)

1.16 (0.60-3.79)

1.07 (0.52-3.59)

1.01 (0.55-3.60)

  4. Disagree

0.96 (0.48-4.56)

1.06 (0.25-1.25)

1.04 (0.19-3.17)

0.79 (0.26-1.94)

0.99 (0.40-4.12)

0.80 (0.33-2.01)

 

Individual level factors

Age (in years)

  

1.05 (1.01-1.09)**

1.07 (1.04-1.09)***

1.04 (1.01-1.08)**

1.07 (1.04-1.09)***

Male

  

4.91 (2.51-9.63)***

1.73 (1.15-2.59)**

5.29 (2.60-10.76)***

1.71 (1.14-2.56)**

Visible Minority

  

0.61 (0.30-1.25)

0.86 (0.55-1.36)

0.48 (0.21-1.06)

0.75 (0.45-1.23)

Education 2

      

  Less than High School

  

1.66 (0.51-5.37)

3.66 (1.80-7.63)**

1.36 (0.29-4.91)

3.27 (1.56-6.90)**

  High School Complete

  

1.07 (0.47-2.47)

1.27 (0.72-2.25)

1.07 (0.44-2.61)

1.26 (0.69-2.28)

  Diploma Complete

  

1.40 (0.69-2.86)

1.59 (0.97-2.59)

1.30 (0.61-2.78)

1.43 (0.86-2.36)

After tax Family Income (in $10,000)

  

0.89 (0.86-0.92)***

0.90 (0.86-0.94)**

0.90 (0.84-0.96)**

0.91 (0.87-0.95)**

Smoking 3

      

  Current smoker

  

1.89 (1.24-2.54)**

1.43 (1.08-1.78)**

1.78 (1.21-2.36)**

1.34 (1.08-1.60)**

  Former smoker

  

1.00 (0.55-1.46)

0.98 (0.32-1.64)

0.88 (0.41-1.36)

0.90 (0.24-1.57)

Alcohol use 4

      

  Heavy alcohol use

  

0.76 (0.40-1.45)

0.86 (0.56-1.32)

0.76 (0.29-1.23)

0.86 (0.54-1.18)

  Moderate alcohol use

  

0.75 (0.35-1.65)

0.55 (0.31-1.01)

0.70 (0.23-1.17)

0.63 (0.2-1.06)

BMI 5

      

  Underweight

    

2.27 (0.29-17.89)

1.83 (0.42-7.95)

  Overweight

    

1.80 (0.86-3.80)

1.45 (0.88-2.39)

  Obese

    

2.52 (1.18-5.36)*

2.73 (1.69-4.41)***

Engage in regular physical activity

    

0.69 (0.38-1.26)

0.68 (0.45-1.01)

Variance Partition Coefficient (VPC) 6

8.82%***

7.31%***

6.11%**

7.19%**

5.75%**

6.08%**

Pseudo-Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)

19288.37

20147.68

14337.77

14769.52

13699.38

14667.89

  1. City of Toronto, Canada 2009–2011 (n = 2411).
  2. ‡Model 1 estimated the bivariate association between neighbourhood income and the odds of a) MI and b) any CVDs (not shown in table).
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Bolded values are statistically significance with at least p<0.05.
  4. 1noise reference category = strongly disagree; 2Education; 2Education level reference category = undergrad and above; 3smoking reference category = non-smoker; 4alcohol use reference category = light/no alcohol use; 4noise reference category = strongly disagree; 5BMI reference category = normal (BMI = 18.5-24.9). 6This is the percentage of variance found in all neighbourhood-level variables. Our method of estimation follows the model linearization approach in Goldstein et al. [70].