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Table 2 Fixed effects of covariates on the odds of being screened (Multilevel logistic regression model [N = 468940, no. PHC teams = 44, no. general practitioners = 426], Catalonia and Navarre, 2008)

From: Variability in screening prevention activities in primary care in Spain: a multilevel analysis

 

Hypertension screening (50.8%)

Dyslipidaemia screening (64.4%)

Obesity screening (41.6%)

Tobacco use screening (36.6%)

Alcohol screening (40.5%)

 

n = 373203

 

n = 383859

 

n = 391075

 

n = 350862

 

n = 458828

 

Fixed parametersa

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

Individual

          

Age

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 <45 (Ref.)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 ≥ 45- < 65

0.90 (0.80-1.01)

 

1.88 (1.76-2.01)

 

1.32 (1.18-1.47)

 

1.51 (1.30-1.75)

 

1.79 (1.56-2.04)

 

 ≥ 65

2.12 (1.88-2.38)

 

2.56 (2.39-2.75)

 

1.94 (1.74-2.17)

 

1.90 (1.63-2.21)

 

2.85 (2.49-3.26)

 

Sex (male vs. female)

0.85 (0.83-0.87)

<.0001

0.58 (0.55-0.61)

<.0001

0.84 (0.82-0.86)

<.0001

1.11 (1.09-1.13)

<.0001

  

Number of visits

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 [1–2] (Ref.)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 [3–5]

1.72 (1.63-1.81)

 

1.80 (1.69-1.91)

 

1.63 (1.54-1.73)

 

2.16 (2.06-2.25)

 

2.10 (1.95-2.26)

 

 [6–10]

2.65 (2.51-2.80)

 

2.64 (2.48-2.81)

 

2.47 (2.33-2.61)

 

3.55 (3.40-3.72)

 

3.78 (3.51-4.07)

 

 ≥ 11

4.55 (4.30-4.81)

 

3.66 (3.43-3.90)

 

3.63 (3.42-3.85)

 

5.73 (5.47-6.00)

 

6.62 (6.14-7.14)

 

Number of health problems

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 [0–3] (Ref.)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 [4–6]

1.30 (1.23-1.37)

 

1.52 (1.40-1.64)

 

1.29 (1.25-1.34)

 

1.11 (1.08-1.14)

 

1.10 (1.01-1.19)

 

 [7–11]

1.42 (1.35-1.50)

 

2.10 (1.94-2.27)

 

1.40 (1.36-1.45)

 

0.99 (0.97-1.02)

 

1.01 (0.93-1.10)

 

 ≥ 12

1.63 (1.54-1.73)

 

3.12 (2.86-3.39)

 

1.51 (1.45-1.57)

 

0.88 (0.85-0.91)

 

0.91 (0.83-0.99)

 

Arterial hypertension

-

 

2.55 (2.42-2.69)

 

3.13 (2.81-3.49)

<.0001

2.01 (1.89-2.13)

<.0001

2.21 (1.99-2.47)

<.0001

Dyslipidaemia

1.77 (1.70-1.83)

<.0001

  

1.60 (1.54-1.66)

<.0001

1.40 (1.34-1.45)

<.0001

1.40 (1.35-1.45)

<.0001

Obesity

2.45 (2.23-2.69)

<.0001

2.07 (1.94-2.22)

 

-

<.0001

1.60 (1.53-1.67)

<.0001

1.83 (1.71-1.93)

<.0001

Tobacco use

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

 

<.0001

   

<.0001

 Nonsmoker (Ref.)

1

 

1

 

1

 

-

 

1

 

 Exsmoker

2.17 (2.01-2.35)

 

2.14 (1.98-2.30)

 

3.51 (3.05-4.05)

 

-

 

1.85 (1.71-2.00)

 

 Smoker

1.63 (1.52-1.75)

 

1.42 (1.33-1.51)

 

2.18 (1.90-2.50)

 

-

 

1.43 (1.33-1.54)

 

At-risk drinker

  

1.35 (1.26-1.44)

<.0001

  

1.40 (1.26-1.55)

<.0001

-

 

General practitioner

          

Sex (male vs. female)

  

0.90 (0.83-0.98)

0.013

  

0.83 (0.72-0.96)

0.012

  

Average number of patients’ health problemsb,c

1.39 (1.18-1.65)

<.0001

1.29 (1.15-1.45)

<.0001

1.26 (1.03-1.54)

0.023

1.49 (1.17-1.90)

0.001

  

Coveraged,e

0.92 (0.86-0.98)

0.010

    

0.87 (0.79-0.96)

0.005

  

PHC team

          

Region (Navarre vs Catalonia)

0.45 (0.36-0.55)

<.0001

0.44 (0.34-0.56)

<.0001

0.60 (0.43-0.82)

0.001

0.27 (0.18-0.40)

<.0001

0.24 (0.17-0.35)

<.0001

Type

         

0.033

 Urban (Ref.)

        

1

 

 Semiurban

        

1.65 (1.11-2.46)

 

 Rural

        

0.95 (0.62-1.46)

 

Average coveraged,e,f

        

0.75 (0.62-0.91)

0.004

Average percentage of patients ≥ 65e,f

  

0.84 (0.73-0.97)

0.015

0.79 (0.66-0.94)

0.010

  

0.75 (0.62-0.90)

0.002

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, GP general practitioner, OR odds ratio, PHC team Primary health care team, Ref. Reference.
  2. Dash indicates covariate not considered in that analysis. The models included the significant covariates (p < 0.05).
  3. aFor the other dichotomous covariates, the reference category was ‘no’.
  4. bThe continuous number of health problems covariate at GP-level was centred at its PHC team mean.
  5. cOR for average number of health problems by GP based on a 4 percentage units change.
  6. dCoverage means percentage of assigned patients visited.
  7. eOR for coverage and average percentage of patients over 65 years based on 5 percentage units change.
  8. fThe continuous PHC team-level covariates were centred at their grand mean.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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