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Table 3 Associations between measure of exposure to parental mental health problems in 15–16-year-olds (n = 13 976) and later use of long-term welfare benefits through 2010, investigated using Cox regression analysis

From: Living with mentally ill parents during adolescence: a risk factor for future welfare dependence? A longitudinal, population-based study

 

Outcome variable

 

Crude

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

Receipt of long-term benefit

Receipt of long-term benefit

Receipt of long-term benefit

Receipt of long-term benefit

 

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Parents’ mental health

    

No, never

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Yes, sometimes

1.49 (1.29–1.71)**

1.34 (1.16–1.54)**

1.19 (1.03–1.37)*

1.15 (0.99–1.33)

Yes, many times

1.82 (1.44–2.31)**

1.57 (1.23–2.00)**

1.29 (1.01–1.66)*

1.21 (0.95–1.55)

Frequently

2.13 (1.59–2.85)**

1.66 (1.23–2.23)**

1.28 (0.95–1.74)

1.14 (0.84–1.55)

Family support

0.76 (0.73–0.79)**

0.83 (0.79–0.86)**

0.88 (0.84–0.91)**

0.84 (0.78–0.90)**

Friends’ support

0.83 (0.78–0.88)**

0.91 (0.85–0.96)*

0.96 (0.91–1.02)

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

Classmate’s support

0.68 (0.64–0.72)**

0.73 (0.69–0.77)**

0.79 (0.74–0.84)**

0.80 (0.75–0.85)**

Teacher support

0.77 (0.73–0.81)**

0.83 (0.79–0.88)**

0.90 (0.85–0.95)**

1.01 (0.95–1.08)

  1. *P <0.05, **P <0.001
  2. Crude: Each main exposure variable tested independently.
  3. Model 1: Adjusted for family economy, parents’ educational level, parents’ marital status and gender.
  4. Model 2: As in model 1, in addition each variable adjusted for the adolescents’ own health status (general health and mental health).
  5. Model 3: As in model 2, in addition parents’ mental health probolems and social support adjusted for each other.
  6. Associations expressed in hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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