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Table 4 Association between socioeconomic factors, BMI, MVPA and (in)direct costs (generalized linear mixed model)

From: The association between physical activity and healthcare costs in children – results from the GINIplus and LISAplus cohort studies

Parameter

Direct costs

Indirect costs

Total

Physician

Therapist

Hospital

Inpatient rehabilitation

Parental work absence

Exp(Est) [95% CI]

Exp(Est) [95% CI]

Exp(Est) [95% CI]

Exp(Est) [95% CI]

Exp(Est) [95% CI]

Exp(Est) [95% CI]

Age

1.63 [1.28-2.08]***

0.99 [0.87-1.13]

0.73 [0.51-1.04]

1.46 [0.86-2.48]

2.62 [0.75-9.16]

1.03 [0.83-1.29]

Gender, Ref: Girls

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Boys

1.13 [1.01-1.27]*

1.06 [0.99-1.13]

1.23 [1.04-1.45]*

1.02 [0.76-1.36]

1.31 [0.64-2.70]

1.06 [0.96-1.17]

BMI categories 1 , Ref: Normal weight (P10 to P90)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Severely underweight (< P3)

1.59 [1.13-2.24]**

1.14 [0.94-1.37]

0.84 [0.51-1.36]

1.14 [0.57-2.26]

0.56 [0.08-3.68]

1.33 [0.95-1.85]

Underweight (P3 to < P10)

1.62 [1.29-2.05]***

1.16 [1.03-1.32]*

1.06 [0.76-1.46]

1.64 [1.00-2.67]*

0.48 [0.04-5.25]

1.15 [0.94-1.40]

Overweight, not obese (> P90 to P97)

1.42 [1.12-1.80]**

1.31 [1.14-1.49]***

0.85 [0.612-1.17]

1.55 [0.94-2.55]

1.16 [0.25-5.48]

1.19 [0.93-1.50]

Obese (> P97)

1.89 [1.27-2.82]**

1.16 [0.93-1.45]

1.20 [0.64-2.23]

1.29 [0.58-2.90]*

1.06 [0.37-3.08]

1.18 [0.83-1.69]

Missing

1.55 [1.14-2.12]**

0.88 [0.74-1.04]

0.70 [0.42-1.19]

2.34 [1.16-4.74]

0.37 [0.08-1.75]

0.86 [0.66-1.12]

Education level of parents 2 , Ref: High (>10 years)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Low (<10 years)

1.81 [1.36-2.40]***

1.03 [0.89-1.19]

1.11 [0.72-1.73]

2.39 [1.29-4.44]**

0.62 [0.15-2.65]

1.43 [1.02-1.99]*

Medium (=10 years)

1.11 [0.97-1.28]

1.12 [1.04-1.20]**

1.08 [0.88-1.33]

0.96 [0.68-1.34]

0.74 [0.36-1.53]

1.16 [1.03-1.32]*

Relative income position 3 , Ref: > 100% of median income

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

≤60% of median income

1.43 [1.208-1.72]***

1.02 [0.93-1.13]

1.87 [1.42-2.46]***

1.12 [0.74-1.68]

1.48 [0.55-3.97]

1.07 [0.88-1.29]

>60% and ≤ 100% of median income

1.18 [1.03-1.34]*

1.00 [0.93-1.07]

1.21 [1.01-1.46]*

1.13 [0.80-1.60]

1.31 [0.57-3.01]

1.00 [0.89-1.13]

Single parenthood, Ref: No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

0.82 [0.67-0.99]*

0.89 [0.80-0.99]*

0.97 [0.74-1.28]

0.92 [0.55-1.54]

1.82 [0.32-10.38]

1.10 [0.91-1.32]

Missing

0.90 [0.59-1.38]

1.16 [0.91-1.47]

1.30 [0.69-2.42]

0.65 [0.19-2.23]

1.00 [1.00-1.00]

1.09 [0.77-1.52]

Study region, Ref: Munich

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Leipzig

1.54 [1.27-1.86]***

1.07 [0.96-1.18]

0.84 [0.64-1.10]

1.63 [1.09-2.44]*

1.41 [0.57-3.49]

1.67 [1.45-1.91]***

Bad Honnef

0.78 [0.61-0.99]*

0.98 [0.85-1.12]

0.75 [0.51-1.11]

0.82 [0.45-1.51]

0.67 [0.12-3.61]

1.09 [0.86-1.39]

Wesel

0.67 [0.58-0.76]***

0.93 [0.86-0.99]*

0.72 [0.58-0.89]**

0.89 [0.62-1.28]

0.60 [0.27-1.33]

0.98 [0.84-1.14]

MVPA activity time 4 , Ref: < 7 h/week MVPA 5

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

≥7 h/week MVPA6

0.99 [0.88-1.12]

0.96 [0.90-1.03]

1.11 [0.93-1.32]

0.79 [0.57-1.09]

0.91 [0.42-1.98]

1.06 [0.95-1.18]

  1. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; Exp(Est): exponential function of the l’beta estimate; h: hours; %: percentage; Ref: reference category.
  2. 1BMI categories according to Kromeyer-Hauschild et al. 2001 [28].
  3. 2Maximum completed school years of either of the parents.
  4. 3Categorized relatively to the median equivalence income of the year 2007 (1521 EUR/month) [24].
  5. 4MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (year average, dichotomized according to WHO recommendations ≥ 60 min/day MVPA) [2].
  6. 5WHO recommendations not met.
  7. 6WHO recommendations met.
  8. ***/**/*, values nominally significant at the 0.1%/1%/5% level (without adjustment for multiple testing).
  9. Number of observations: 3356.
  10. Model information: dependent variables: Exp(Estimate) for costs (total direct, physician, therapist, hospital, inpatient rehabilitation, parental work absence); assumptions: gamma distribution of the error terms, log-link function.