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Table 4 Relationship between alcohol-attributable disease and SES

From: Relationship between alcohol-attributable disease and socioeconomic status, and the role of alcohol consumption in this relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

SES measure

Sex

RR/OR/HR (95% CI) for low compared to high SES

Variables adjusted for

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Head & neck cancer

     

Boing et al., 2011 [13]

Education

M + F

2.27 (1.61, 3.19)

1.58 (1.06, 2.36)

Age, sex, smoking, alcohol use

Conway et al., 2010 [14]

Neighbourhooda

M + F

3.62 (1.35, 9.71)

1.90 (0.59, 6.09)

Age, sex, smoking, alcohol use

Day et al., 1993 [15]

Education

M + F

· · ·

White: 1.40 (1.00, 1.80)

Smoking, alcohol use

Black: 1.20 (0.60, 2.60)

Greenberg et al., 1991 [16]

Education

M

· · ·

1.0 (0.7, 1.5)

Age, ethnicity, marital status, study area, smoking, alcohol use, snuff dipping, tobacco chewing, tooth loss, denture problems, education, occupational status, percentage of years worked

Menvielle, et al., 2004 [17]

Education

M

3.22 (2.01, 5.18)

1.63 (0.90, 2.98)

Age, smoking, alcohol use

Zatonski et al., 1991 [18]

Education

M

2.94 (2.03, 4.27)

2.51 (1.06, 5.94)

Age, smoking, alcohol use

Female breast cancer

     

Braaten et al., 2005 [22]

Education

F

0.68 (0.56, 0.83)

0.90 (0.73, 1.12)

Parity, alcohol use, OC, height, HRT, BMI, mammography, menopausal status

Heck & Pamuk, 1997 [23]

Education

F

0.44 (0.24, 0.80)

0.66 (0.37, 1.19)

Age, education, income, ethnicity, family history of breast cancer, parity, age at menarche, age at menopause, OC, HRT, alcohol use, BMI, height

Kruk et al., 2007 [25]

Education

F

· · ·

Pre-menopausal: 2.39 (1.58, 3.60)

Age, BMI, stress experience, passive smoking

Post-menopausal: 1.31 (0.98, 1.76)

Larsen et al., 2011 [26]

Education

F

0.84 (0.70, 1.00)

0.94 (0.79, 1.12)

HRT, parity, alcohol use, BMI

Martin-Moreno et al., 1993 [27]

OSC

F

· · ·

0.63 (0.33, 1.17)

Age, study area, SES, BMI, total energy intake

Melchior et al., 2005 [28]

OSC

F

0.92 (0.44, 1.92)

0.96 (0.46, 2.03)

Age, smoking, alcohol use, marital status, BMI, FVC, family history of breast cancer, age at first childbirth

Robert et al., 2004 [29]

Education

F

0.87 (0.77, 0.98)

0.96 (0.84, 1.10)

Age, interview year, community SES, urbanicity, mammography, family history of breast cancer, parity, alcohol use, BMI, age at first birth, HRT, OC

Oesophageal cancer

     

Brown et al., 2001 [19]

Education

M

· · ·

White: 1.50 (0.90, 2.60)

Age, study area, alcohol use, smoking, FVC

M

· · ·

Black: 3.10 (1.60, 6.10)

Gammon et al., 1997 [20]

Income

M

· · ·

5.00 (1.67, 14.99)

Age, sex, study area, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, alcohol use

Sharp et al., 2001 [21]

OSC

F

1.51 (0.75, 3.06)

· · ·

Not applicable

Other cancers

     

Braaten et al., 2005 [22] All cancers

Education

F

0.95 (0.85, 1.07)

· · ·

Not applicable

Melchior et al., 2005 [28] All cancers

OSC

M

1.47 (1.03, 2.09)

1.35 (0.94, 1.93)

Age, smoking, alcohol use, marital status, BMI, FVC, family history of lung & oral cancer (M), occupational asbestos exposure (M), family history of breast cancer (F), parity (F)

F

1.00 (0.58, 1.73)

1.03 (0.59, 1.80)

Braaten et al., 2005 [22] Colon cancer

Education

F

1.23 (0.70, 2.18)

· · ·

Not applicable

Braaten et al., 2005 [22] Rectal cancer

Education

F

0.63 (0.33, 1.21)

· · ·

Not applicable

Joshi et al., 2008 [30] Liver cancer

OSC

M

1.75 (1.48, 2.07)

1.63 (1.38, 1.93)

Age, fasting serum glucose, BMI, alcohol use, smoking

Melchior et al., 2005 [28] Smoking/alcohol-related cancersb

OSC

M

2.18 (1.15, 4.11)

1.54 (0.80, 2.97)

Age, smoking, alcohol use, marital status, BMI, FVC, family history of lung & oral cancer, occupational asbestos exposure

Stroke

     

Kivimaki et al., 2009 [32]

OSC

F

2.28 (1.30, 3.90)

1.88 (1.10, 3.20)

Hypertension, CHD, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, PA, BMI

Kuper et al., 2007 [33]

Education

F

2.10 (1.40, 2.90)

1.80 (1.30, 2.60)

Age, alcohol use

Laaksonen, et al., 2008 [34]

Education

M + F

1.59 (0.84, 2.99)

1.57 (0.83, 2.96)

Age, age squared, study year, diabetes, myocardial infarction, CHD, heart failure, alcohol use

McFadden et al., 2009 [35]

OSC

M

2.84 (1.40, 5.74)

2.90 (1.43, 5.87)

Age, alcohol use

F

2.32 (1.19, 4.49)

2.05 (1.05, 4.00)

 

Veronesi et al., 2010 [37]

Education

M

2.14 (1.25, 3.69)

2.18 (1.26, 3.78)

Age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, HDL cholesterol, alcohol use

F

0.54 (0.26, 1.12)

0.40 (0.20, 0.85)

Hypertension

     

Dyer et al., 1999 [40]

Education

M

Black: 0.98 (0.72, 1.31)

Black: 1.01 (0.72, 1.41)

Age, systolic BP, BMI, waist circumference, PA, alcohol use, pulse, smoking, education, fasting insulin, triglycerides, uric acid and HDL cholesterol

White: 0.57 (0.37, 0.86)

White: 0.48 (0.30, 0.76)

F

Black: 0.65 (0.47, 0.89)

Black: 0.67 (0.48, 0.94)

White: 0.25 (0.15, 0.42)

White: 0.42 (0.23, 0.78)

Radi et al., 2005 [41]

OSC

F

· · ·

8.12 (1.30, 50.73)

Age, education, smoking (women), alcohol use, PA, social support at work, recent stressful life events, low support outside of work (women)

Other conditions

     

Mattioli et al., 2006 [42] Atrial fibrillation

Education

M + F

1.12 (0.50, 2.49)

· · ·

Not applicable

Petrovski et al., 2011 [43] Liver disease

Education

M + F

3.22 (1.72, 6.03)

2.86 (1.30, 6.26)

Age, smoking, alcohol use, PA

  1. aScottish Index of Multiple Deprivation score. bCancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, pancreas, larynx, trachea & lung, urinary tract. OR, odds ratio. RR, relative risk. HR, hazard ratio. CI, confidence interval. M + F, sex data combined. OSC, occupational social class. · · ·, not reported. BMI, body mass index. CHD, coronary heart disease. FVC, fruit & vegetable consumption. HR, heart rate. HRT, hormone replacement therapy. OC, oral contraceptives. PA, physical activity SES, socioeconomic status.