Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among a Nigerian adult population: relationship with income level and accessibility to CVD risks screening

Oguoma, Victor Maduabuchi; Nwose, Ezekiel Uba; Skinner, Timothy Chas; Digban, Kester Awharentomah; Onyia, Innocent Chukwu; Richards, Ross Stuart

doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1709-2

Table 5 Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc multivariate analysis within subgroups of geographical location, average daily income and education: in association with CVD risk factors and history of disease screening

From: Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among a Nigerian adult population: relationship with income level and accessibility to CVD risks screening

CVD risk factors	Independent variables		Mean difference	Standard error	p-value	95% confidence interval
CVD risk factors	Independent variables		Mean difference	Standard error	p-value	Lower bound	Upper bound
Waist circumference	Abbi	Kwale	4.02 ^*	1.675	.017	.73	7.31
		Lagos	−6.65 ^*	1.919	.001	−10.42	−2.87
	Kwale	Lagos	−10.67 ^*	1.765	.000	−14.14	−7.20
Total cholesterol	Abbi	Kwale	20.86 ^*	9.963	.037	1.27	40.46
		Lagos	37.89 ^*	11.415	.001	15.44	60.34
	Kwale	Lagos	17.02	10.496	.106	−3.62	37.66
Triglycerides	Abbi	Kwale	18.39 ^*	6.981	.009	4.66	32.12
		Lagos	20.56 ^*	7.999	.011	4.83	36.28
	Kwale	Lagos	2.17	7.355	.768	−12.30	16.63
HDL cholesterol	Abbi	Kwale	−1.34	2.890	.644	−7.02	4.35
		Lagos	9.55 ^*	3.311	.004	3.03	16.06
	Kwale	Lagos	10.88 ^*	3.044	.000	4.90	16.87
Body mass index	Abbi	Kwale	−0.80	0.705	.260	−2.18	0.59
		Lagos	−1.91 ^*	0.808	.019	−3.50	−0.32
	Kwale	Lagos	−1.11	0.743	.135	−2.57	0.35
Systolic blood pressure	Abbi	Kwale	0.72	3.763	.849	−6.69	8.12
		Lagos	−11.45 ^*	4.312	.008	−19.93	−2.97
	Kwale	Lagos	−12.17 ^*	3.965	.002	−19.97	−4.37
Diastolic blood pressure	Abbi	Kwale	2.88	2.481	.246	−1.99	7.76
		Lagos	−6.32 ^*	2.843	.027	−11.91	−0.73
	Kwale	Lagos	−9.20 ^*	2.614	.000	−14.34	−4.06
Blood glucose	Abbi	Kwale	16.12 ^*	5.088	.002	6.12	26.13
		Lagos	6.76	5.830	.247	−4.71	18.22
	Kwale	Lagos	−9.37	5.360	.081	−19.91	1.17
Waist circumference	Low income	Low-mid income	1.20	2.479	.629	−3.68	6.08
		Upper-mid income	1.51	3.575	.673	−5.52	8.54
		High income	−3.61	3.493	.302	−10.48	3.26
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	0.31	3.762	.935	−7.09	7.71
		High income	−4.81	3.684	.193	−12.05	2.44
	Upper-mid income	High income	−5.12	4.495	.256	−13.96	3.72
Total cholesterol	Low income	Low-mid income	31.05 ^*	15.248	.042	1.07	61.04
		Upper-mid income	28.06	21.987	.203	−15.18	71.30
		High income	22.20	21.485	.302	−20.05	64.45
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	−2.99	23.137	.897	−48.49	42.51
		High income	−8.85	22.660	.696	−53.41	35.71
	Upper-mid income	High income	−5.86	27.648	.832	−60.23	48.51
Triglycerides	Low income	Low-mid income	4.78	10.628	.653	−16.12	25.68
		Upper-mid income	9.49	15.325	.536	−20.65	39.63
		High income	−11.45	14.974	.445	−40.89	18.00
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	4.71	16.126	.770	−27.00	36.42
		High income	−16.23	15.794	.305	−47.28	14.83
	Upper-mid income	High income	−20.94	19.270	.278	−58.83	16.96
HDL cholesterol	Low income	Low-mid income	6.44	4.429	.147	−2.27	15.15
		Upper-mid income	1.56	6.387	.807	−11.00	14.12
		High income	14.92 ^*	6.241	.017	2.64	27.19
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	−4.88	6.721	.468	−18.10	8.34
		High income	8.48	6.582	.199	−4.47	21.42
	Upper-mid income	High income	13.36	8.031	.097	−2.44	29.15
Body mass index	Low income	Low-mid income	0.05	1.035	.963	−1.99	2.08
		Upper-mid income	1.00	1.493	.505	−1.94	3.93
		High income	−0.23	1.459	.874	−3.10	2.64
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	0.95	1.571	.546	−2.14	4.04
		High income	−0.28	1.539	.856	−3.31	2.75
	Upper-mid income	High income	−1.23	1.878	.513	−4.92	2.46
Systolic blood pressure	Low income	Low-mid income	8.47	5.609	.132	−2.56	19.50
		Upper-mid income	8.99	8.088	.267	−6.92	24.89
		High income	10.97	7.903	.166	−4.57	26.51
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	0.51	8.511	.952	−16.22	17.25
		High income	2.50	8.336	.765	−13.89	18.89
	Upper-mid income	High income	1.99	10.170	.845	−18.01	21.99
Diastolic blood pressure	Low income	Low-mid income	−0.99	3.783	.795	−8.43	6.45
		Upper-mid income	−3.42	5.455	.531	−14.14	7.31
		High income	−3.39	5.330	.526	−13.87	7.10
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	−2.43	5.740	.672	−13.72	8.86
		High income	−2.40	5.621	.670	−13.45	8.66
	Upper-mid income	High income	0.03	6.859	.996	−13.46	13.52
Blood glucose	Low income	Low-mid income	−10.24	7.782	.189	−25.54	5.06
		Upper-mid income	4.63	11.221	.680	−17.44	26.70
		High income	−21.25	10.965	.053	−42.81	.32
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	14.87	11.808	.209	−8.35	38.09
		High income	−11.00	11.565	.342	−33.75	11.74
	Upper-mid income	High income	−25.88	14.110	.067	−53.62	1.87
Waist circumference	NLE	PE	6.08 ^*	2.207	.006	1.74	10.42
		SE	2.90	2.437	.235	−1.90	7.69
		UPE	−5.69 ^*	2.698	.035	−11.00	−0.39
	PE	SE	−3.18	1.784	.075	−6.69	0.33
		UPE	−11.77 ^*	2.126	.000	−15.95	−7.59
	SE	UPE	−8.59 ^*	2.364	.000	−13.24	−3.94
Total cholesterol	NLE	PE	59.68 ^*	12.767	.000	34.57	84.78
		SE	60.55 ^*	14.097	.000	32.83	88.28
		UPE	17.28	15.604	.269	−13.40	47.97
	PE	SE	.87	10.316	.933	−19.41	21.16
		UPE	−42.40 ^*	12.295	.001	−66.58	−18.22
	SE	UPE	−43.27 ^*	13.672	.002	−70.16	−16.39
Triglycerides	NLE	PE	33.61 ^*	8.961	.000	15.99	51.24
		SE	22.14 ^*	9.895	.026	2.68	41.60
		UPE	−5.11	10.953	.641	−26.64	16.43
	PE	SE	−11.47	7.241	.114	−25.71	2.77
		UPE	−38.72 ^*	8.630	.000	−55.69	−21.75
	SE	UPE	−27.25 ^*	9.596	.005	−46.12	−8.38
HDL cholesterol	NLE	PE	8.07 ^*	3.832	.036	.53	15.61
		SE	11.42 ^*	4.231	.007	3.10	19.74
		UPE	8.07	4.684	.086	−1.14	17.28
	PE	SE	3.35	3.096	.280	−2.74	9.44
		UPE	.00	3.691	.999	−7.26	7.25
	SE	UPE	−3.35	4.104	.414	−11.42	4.72
Body mass index	NLE	PE	0.17	0.895	.851	−1.59	1.93
		SE	−1.68	0.988	.090	−3.62	.2633
		UPE	−4.49 ^*	1.093	.000	−6.64	−2.34
	PE	SE	−1.85 ^*	0.723	.011	−3.27	−0.43
		UPE	−4.66 ^*	0.862	.000	−6.35	−2.96
	SE	UPE	−2.81 ^*	0.958	.004	−4.69	−0.92
Systolic blood pressure	NLE	PE	14.96 ^*	4.949	.003	5.22	24.69
		SE	9.57	5.465	.081	−1.18	20.31
		UPE	7.06	6.049	.244	−4.84	18.95
	PE	SE	−5.39	3.999	.179	−13.25	2.47
		UPE	−7.90	4.766	.098	−17.27	1.47
	SE	UPE	−2.51	5.300	.636	−12.93	7.91
Diastolic blood pressure	NLE	PE	3.15	3.281	.338	−3.31	9.60
		SE	−1.42	3.623	.696	−8.54	5.71
		UPE	−5.05	4.010	.209	−12.93	2.83
	PE	SE	−4.57	2.651	.086	−9.78	0.65
		UPE	−8.19 ^*	3.160	.010	−14.41	−1.98
	SE	UPE	−3.63	3.514	.302	−10.54	3.28
Blood glucose	NLE	PE	−3.35	6.782	.621	−16.69	9.98
		SE	−4.07	7.489	.587	−18.80	10.65
		UPE	−3.19	8.289	.701	−19.49	13.11
	PE	SE	−0.72	5.480	.895	−11.50	10.06
		UPE	0.16	6.531	.980	−12.68	13.01
	SE	UPE	0.88	7.263	.903	−13.40	15.17
History of CVD risk screening	Independent variables		Mean difference	Standard error	p-value	95% confidence interval
History of CVD risk screening						Lower bound	Upper bound
Ever had BP measured?	Abbi	Kwale	−0.13*	0.054	0.017	−0.23	−0.02
		Lagos	0.27*	0.063	<0.0001	0.15	0.40
	Kwale	Lagos	0.40*	0.060	<0.0001	0.28	0.52
Ever had BG measured?	Abbi	Kwale	−0.07	0.044	0.119	−0.16	0.02
		Lagos	0.18*	0.052	0.001	0.07	0.28
	Kwale	Lagos	0.24*	0.050	<0.0001	0.15	0.34
Ever had CHOL measured?	Abbi	Kwale	−0.02	0.022	0.410	−0.06	0.02
		Lagos	0.05	0.025	0.057	0.00	0.10
	Kwale	Lagos	0.07*	0.024	0.007	0.02	0.11
Ever had BP measured?	Low income	Low-mid income	0.11	0.078	0.143	−0.04	0.27
		Upper-mid income	0.22	0.117	0.059	−0.01	0.45
		High income	0.39*	0.114	0.001	0.16	0.61
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	0.11	0.121	0.383	−0.13	0.34
		High income	0.27*	0.119	0.022	0.04	0.51
	Upper-mid income	High income	0.17	0.147	0.258	−0.12	0.46
Ever had BG measured?	Low income	Low-mid income	0.03	0.067	0.613	−0.10	0.17
		Upper-mid income	0.06	0.100	0.561	−0.14	0.26
		High income	0.30*	0.098	0.002	0.11	0.50
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	0.02	0.104	0.816	−0.18	0.23
		High income	0.27*	0.102	0.009	0.07	0.47
	Upper-mid income	High income	0.25	0.126	0.053	0.00	0.49
Ever had CHOL measured?	Low income	Low-mid income	0.04	0.034	0.225	−0.03	0.11
		Upper-mid income	0.01	0.050	0.912	−0.09	0.10
		High income	0.00	0.049	0.957	−0.09	0.10
	Low-mid income	Upper-mid income	−0.04	0.052	0.499	−0.14	0.07
		High income	−0.04	0.051	0.455	−0.14	0.06
	Upper-mid income	High income	0.00	0.063	0.963	−0.13	0.12
Ever had BP measured?	NLE	PE	−0.18*	0.070	0.011	−0.32	−0.04
		SE	0.08	0.077	0.292	−0.07	0.23
		UPE	0.31*	0.087	<0.0001	0.14	0.48
	PE	SE	0.26*	0.058	<0.0001	0.15	0.37
		UPE	0.49*	0.070	<0.0001	0.36	0.63
	SE	UPE	0.23*	0.077	0.003	0.08	0.38
Ever had BG measured?	NLE	PE	−0.07	0.059	0.248	−0.18	0.05
		SE	0.02	0.065	0.750	−0.11	0.15
		UPE	0.15*	0.073	0.042	0.01	0.29
	PE	SE	0.09	0.049	0.067	−0.01	0.18
		UPE	0.22*	0.059	<0.0001	0.10	0.33
	SE	UPE	0.13*	0.065	0.049	0.00	0.26
Ever had CHOL measured?	NLE	PE	−0.04	0.029	0.207	−0.09	0.02
		SE	0.00	0.032	0.944	−0.06	0.06
		UPE	0.03	0.036	0.354	−0.04	0.10
	PE	SE	0.03	0.024	0.149	−0.01	0.08
		UPE	0.07*	0.029	0.016	0.01	0.13
	SE	UPE	0.04	0.032	0.264	−0.03	0.10

TG = triglycerides, CHOL = total cholesterol, BMI = body mass index, HDL = high density lipoprotein cholesterol, PD = prediabetes, DB = diabetes, HYP = hypertension, WC = waist circumference.
*The mean difference is significant at 0.05 level, NLE = No formal education and Less than primary education, PE = Primary education, SE = secondary education, UPE = University and Postgraduate.

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