Table 1 Socio-demographics, clinical characteristics and participant background by study group
Variable | Study group by BMD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Severe osteoporosis with prior BF (n = 272) | Osteoporosis (n = 1,958) | T-score > −2.5 (n = 552) | F or Chi-2(p value)₤ | |
Socio-demographic data | ||||
Age (years) | 63.3 ± 7.3 | 60.9 ± 7.4 | 59.9 ± 6.6 | 20.3 (p < 0.001) |
Age group (%) | ||||
≤44 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 38.4 (p < 0.001) |
45-49 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 4.2 | |
50-54 | 9.6 | 13.6 | 16.8 | |
55-59 | 21.7 | 28.4 | 31.0 | |
60-64 | 28.7 | 24.9 | 25.0 | |
≥65 | 38.6 | 28.9 | 22.8 | |
Employment situation (%) | ||||
Working | 28.3 | 41.3 | 45.1 | 37.4 (p < 0.001) |
Transitory sick leave | 4.0 | 2.2 | 1.6 | |
Permanent disability | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | |
Unemployment | 3.3 | 3.6 | 2.0 | |
Retired | 29.0 | 20.1 | 16.7 | |
Housewife | 33.8 | 32.1 | 34.1 | |
Education level (%) | ||||
None | 12.2 | 6.5 | 5.3 | 23.7 (p = 0.003) |
Primary | 39.6 | 34.4 | 36.6 | |
Secondary | 25.2 | 29.3 | 28.8 | |
Undergraduate | 13.3 | 16.7 | 14.5 | |
Degree | 9.6 | 13.2 | 14.9 | |
Environment (%) | ||||
Rural | 16.6 | 9.9 | 11.6 | 0.1 (p = 0.702) |
Semi-urban | 21.8 | 22.7 | 20.1 | |
Urban | 34.3 | 38.8 | 45.0 | |
Metropolitan | 27.3 | 28.6 | 23.2 | |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 25.6 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 4.4 | 0.4 (p = 0.675) |
Cigarettes/day | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 2.2 (p = 0.113) |
Smoking (%) | ||||
Non-smoker | 67.3 | 67.7 | 66.7 | 1.1 (p = 0.889) |
Former smoker | 16.2 | 17.8 | 18.2 | |
Smoker | 16.5 | 14.6 | 15.1 | |
Alcohol consumption, any (%) | 22.2 | 17.5 | 18.7 | 3.7 (p = 0.156) |
Alcohol consumption > 30 gr/day (%) | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 4.2 (p = 0.125) |
Background of co-morbidities(%) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | ||||
No | 81.0 | 93.2 | 94.5 | 51.9 (p < 0.001) |
Type I | 3.7 | 1.2 | 2.6 | |
Type II | 15.3 | 5.6 | 2.9 | |
Hypertension (%) | 37.8 | 21.9 | 22.7 | 33.2 (p < 0.001) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 7.6 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 6.9 (p = 0.031) |
Anorexia nervosa | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 (p = 0.968) |
Hyperparathyroidism | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.0 (p = 0.602) |
Hyperthyroidism | 3.8 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 5.1 (p = 0.078) |
Chronic liver diseases | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 (p = 0.664) |
Malabsorption syndrome | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 10.0 (p = 0.007) |
Osteoporosis data | ||||
Age at diagnosis (years) | 59.9 ± 6.8 | 58.9 ± 6.9 | 58 ± 6.4 | 8.7 (p < 0.001) |
BMD (DXA) | −2.9 ± 0.4 | −2.8 ± 0.5 | −0.9 ± 1.9 | 990.3 (p < 0.001) |
# of risk factors for osteoporotic BF | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 495.7 (p < 0.001) |
# of risk factors for osteoporosis | 6.9 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 4.9 ± 1.8 | 172.9 (p < 0.001) |
Time from diagnosis (years) | 3.4 ± 3.8 | 2.1 ± 2.8 | 2.1 ± 2.8 | 24.0 (p < 0.001) |