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Table 4 Mental health-related factors and background factors 1 associated with mobility limitation

From: The association between mental health symptoms and mobility limitation among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants: a population based study

 

Men†

Women

 

Kurdish

Russian

Somali

Kurdish

Explanatory variable

OR(95% CI)

OR(95% CI)

OR(95% CI)

OR(95% CI)

Depressive symptoms a

    

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

1.66 (0.82–3.33)

3.03 (1.27–7.19)

2.53 (0.98–6.53)

2.64 (1.39–4.99)

Age

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

1.07 (1.03–1.12)

1.05 (1.01–1.10)

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

Education

    

Less than high school

2.42 (1.20–4.89)

0.78 (0.29–2.05)

7.75 (1.67–35.91)

1.52 (0.83–2.79)

High school graduate

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Economic situation

    

Fairly difficult or poorer

1.00 (0.47–2.13)

2.10 (0.90–4.91)

1.54 (0.67–3.54)

0.65 (0.33–1.28)

Fairly easy or better

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Language proficiency

    

Not at all or poorly

1.01 (0.38–2.69)

3.24 (0.49–21.48)

0.75 (0.28–1.96)

1.00 (0.44–2.26)

Moderately or well

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

BMI

    

<30 kg/m2

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

≥30 kg/m2

1.82 (0.83–3.98)

4.15 (1.78–9.67)

1.28 (0.55–2.98)

2.36 (1.13–4.91)

Chronic conditions2

    

None of the selected conditions

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

At least one selected condition

2.04 (1.03–4.07)

1.11 (0.44–2.80)

1.14 (0.47–2.81)

3.13 (1.56–6.30)

Anxiety symptoms b

    

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

2.16 (0.98–4.76)

2.98 (1.28–6.94)

6.41 (2.03–20.29)

2.67 (1.41–5.04)

Age

1.11 (1.07–1.15)

1.07 (1.03–1.12)

1.06 (1.01–1.10)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

Education

    

Less than high school

2.50 (1.23–5.10)

0.79 (0.32–1.96)

8.18 (1.70–39.44)

1.59 (0.87–2.91)

High school graduate

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Economic situation

    

Fairly difficult or poorer

1.01 (0.48–2.13)

2.47 (1.00–6.08)

1.27 (0.53–3.01)

0.75 (0.38–1.46)

Fairly easy or better

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Language proficiency

    

Not at all or poorly

0.99 (0.37–2.69)

2.86 (0.59–13.89)

0.70 (0.27–1.82)

1.00 (0.44–2.30)

Moderately or well

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

BMI

    

<30 kg/m2

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

≥30 kg/m2

1.89 (0.87–4.12)

4.07 (1.72–9.62)

1.33 (0.57–3.13)

2.23 (1.10–4.55)

Chronic conditions2

    

None of the selected conditions

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

At least one selected condition

1.93 (0.94–3.99)

1.14 (0.45–2.88)

1.18 (0.48–2.91)

2.63 (1.31–5.28)

Somatization c

    

No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

1.88 (0.96–3.68)

4.29 (1.76–10.44)

18.83 (6.15–57.61)

3.53 (1.91–6.52)

Age

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

1.07 (1.02–1.12)

1.06 (1.01–1.10)

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

Education

    

Less than high school

2.19 (1.10–4.36)

0.86 (0.37–2.04)

13.05 (2.45–69.48)

1.67 (0.92–3.01)

High school graduate

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Economic situation

    

Fairly difficult or poorer

1.11 (0.54–2.27)

2.35 (0.94–5.89)

1.01 (0.41–2.50)

0.78 (0.31–1.71)

Fairly easy or better

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Language proficiency

    

Not at all or poorly

1.09 (0.42–2.83)

2.79 (0.65–11.87)

0.67 (0.24–1.92)

0.73 (0.31–1.71)

Moderately or well

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

BMI

    

<30 kg/m2

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

≥30 kg/m2

1.66 (0.76–3.65)

3.66 (1.54–8.69)

1.61 (0.63–4.08)

2.20 (1.06–4.58)

Chronic conditions2

    

None of the selected conditions

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

At least one selected condition

1.84 (0.89–3.81)

1.06 (0.40–2.79)

0.90 (0.32–2.48)

2.74 (1.40–5.40)

  1. 1Background factors include age, education, economic situation, Finnish/Swedish language proficiency, BMI, and certain chronic conditions.
  2. 2Those reporting injuries and/or at least one of the following self-reported diseases ever diagnosed by a physician: cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes), asthma, chronic bronchitis, knee osteoarthritis or hip osteoarthritis.
  3. †Russian and Somali men were excluded from the analysis due to too few observations.
  4. OR = odds ratio, bolded ORs represent significant associations.
  5. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
  6. aHSCL-25 (Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25) [21], depression subscale, cut-off point > 1.75.
  7. bHSCL-25 (Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25) [21], anxiety subscale, cut-off point > 1.75.
  8. cSCL-90 (Symptom Checklist-90) [22], somatization subscale, cut-off point 8/12 symptoms.
  9. BMI = Body mass index (kg/m2).
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