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Table 4 Cost ratios (CR) of health expenses by activity limitations and chronic conditions § , adjusted for age, gender, education, income, nationality, household type and degree of urbanisation, in function of payment modalities

From: Activity limitations predict health care expenditures in the general population in Belgium

 

Total health expenditure

Covered by health insurance

Out-of-pocket

Supplement

 

CR

95% CI

CR

95% CI

CR

95% CI

CR

95% CI

Activity limitations adjusted for chronic conditions

        

  No limitation

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Moderate activity limitation

1.88

(1.59-2.22)

1.91

(1.62-2.56)

1.54

(1.35-1.76)

1.64

(1.33-2.03)

  Severe activity limitation

3.21

(2.57-4.02)

3.41

(2.72-4.27)

2.03

(1.67-2.48)

2.14

(1.52-3.01)

Chronic condition adjusted for activity limitations

        

  No chronic condition#

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  1 chronic condition#

1.82

(1.57-2.11)

1.81

(1.56-2.09)

1.76

(1.56-1.99)

1.26

(1.05-1.52)

  ≥2 chronic conditions#

2.84

(2.41-3.35)

2.87

(2.43-3.38)

2.51

(2.19-3.87)

1.51

(1.23-1.89)

Activity limitations and chronic conditions combined

        

  No activity limitation - no chronic condition#

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  No activity limitation – 1 chronic condition#

1.94

(1.66-2.27)

1.93

(1.65-2.26)

1.86

(1.63-2.11)

1.27

(1.04-1.55)

  No activity limitation – ≥2 chronic conditions#

3.01

(2.48-3.65)

3.04

(2.51-3.69)

2.59

(2.20-3.04)

1.33

(1.04-1.71)

  Moderate activity limitation - no chronic condition#

2.46

(1.74-3.48)

2.50

(1.77-3.54)

1.82

(1.36-2.44)

1.46

(1.02-2.09)

  Moderate activity limitation – 1 chronic condition#

3.16

(2.38-4.20)

3.21

(2.43-4.25)

2.59

(2.06-3.25)

2.06

(1.29-3.04)

  Moderate activity limitation - ≥2 chronic conditions#

5.20

(4.23-6.39)

5.33

(4.34-6.55)

3.82

(3.26-4.48)

2.55

(1.87-3.48)

  Severe activity limitation - no chronic condition#

4.45

(2.47-8.02)

4.70

(2.57-8.58)

2.82

(1.66-4.79)

1.21

(0.60-2.43)

  Severe activity limitation – 1 chronic condition#

4.80

(2.99-7.70)

5.14

(3.20-8.25)

2.92

(1.92-4.45)

1.87

(1.00-3.51)

  Severe activity limitation - ≥ 2 chronic conditions#

9.60

(7.41-12.44)

10.22

(7.87-13.27)

5.31

(4.24-6.64)

4.11

(2.68-6.29)

Activity limitations – stratified analysis

        

  No chronic condition#

No activity limitation

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Moderate activity limitation

2.47

(1.73-3.52)

2.51

(1.77-3.58)

1.82

(1.36-2.45)

1.45

(1.01-2.07)

 

Severe activity limitation

4.21

(2.43-7.32)

4.46

(2.54-7.85)

2.66

(1.62-4.36)

1.16

(0.57-2.35)

  1 chronic condition#

No activity limitation

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Moderate activity limitation

1.51

(1.14-2.00)

1.54

(1.17-2.04)

1.32

(1.05-1.66)

1.59

(1.07-2.34)

 

Severe activity limitation

2.42

(1.53-3.81)

2.60

(1.65-4.11)

1.57

(1.04-2.35)

1.50

(0.82-2.73)

  ≥ 2 chronic conditions#

No activity limitation

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

Moderate activity limitation

1.72

(1.39-2.14)

1.75

(1.40-2.17)

1.49

(1.26-1.77)

1.90

(1.35-2.70)

 

Severe activity limitation

3.21

(2.49-4.14)

3.37

(2.60-4.36)

2.12

(1.70-2.65)

2.98

(1.91-4.63)

  1. §Defined as: having suffered in the past 12 months from at least one of the following health problems: asthma, chronic bronchitis, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, osteoarthritis, neck disorder, depression, peptic ulcer, problem large bowel, diabetes, thyroid problems, kidney problems except for kidney stones, cancer.
  2. #Limited to list of chronic conditions specified above.
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BMC Public Health

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