Table 3 Prevalence of chronic conditions considered in the study and cost ratio (CR) of total health expenses for persons with the disease compared to those without

Asthma

4.1 (3.6-4.8)

1.44* (1.15-1.81)

Chronic bronchitis

3.9 (3.4-4.5)

1.33* (1.06-1.68)

Myocardial infarction

0.7 (0.5-0.9)

1.90* (1.28-2.84)

Coronary heart disease

2.1 (1.7-2.6)

1.92* (1.33-2.78)

Stroke

1.0 (0.7-1.3)

1.36* (1.01-1.82)

Hypertension

15.9 (14.7-17.1)

1.50* (1.30-1.73)

Rheumatoid arthritis

7.2 (6.5-8.0)

1.12 (0.92-1.37)

Osteoarthritis

16.0 (14.8-17.2)

1.19* (1.00-1.40)

Low back disorder

21.1 (19.7-22.4)

1.08 (0.91-1.27)

Neck disorder

11.9 (10.9-12.9)

1.22* (1.03-1.44)

Osteoporosis

4.6 (4.1-5.3)

0.83 (0.64-1.07)

Headache/migraine

10.0 (9.1-11.9)

1.15 (0.95-1.39)

Parkinson’s disease

0.4 (0.2-0.6)

2.00 (0.60-6.71)

Epilepsy

0.6 (0.4-1.0)

1.69 (0.88-3.22)

Chronic anxiety

5.2 (4.6-6.0)

1.23 (0.99-1.53)

Depression

6.0 (5.3-6.8)

1.78* (1.44-2.20)

Peptic ulcer

3.7 (3.1-4.4)

1.62* (1.22-2.15)

Liver problems

0.5 (0.4-0.7)

1.61 (0.76-3.39)

Problems of the large bowel

3.2 (2.7-3.8)

1.43* (1.10-1.88)

Gall-bladder problems

0.7 (0.5-0.9)

0.96 (0.58-1.62)

Diabetes

3.8 (3.3-4.4)

2.31* (1.91-2.79)

Thyroid problems

4.5 (4.0-5.2)

1.30* (1.04-1.62)

Urinary incontinence

3.3 (2.8-3.9)

1.24 (0.93-1.65)

Chronic cystitis

1.3 (1.0-1.6)

1.13 (0.83-1.54)

Kidney stones

0.7 (0.5-1.0)

0.88 (0.37-2.10)

Other kidney problems

0.7 (0.5-0.9)

2.73* (1.22-6.09)

Glaucoma

1.7 (1.4-2.1)

1.17 (0.86-1.58)

Cataract

2.8 (2.4-3.3)

1.00 (0.78-1.28)

Cancer (all types)

2.1 (1.7-2.6)

3.77* (2.56-5.57)

Allergy

14.0 (12.8-15.2)

1.04 (0.88-1.22)

Chronic or severe skin disease

3.0 (2.4-3.7)

1.26 (0.94-1.69)