Table 1 Systematic review of T1D in adults, diagnostic criteria and sources of information
From: Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in young adults and adults: a systematic review
Study information | T1D diagnosis criteria in adults and young adults | Source of information and validation of ascertainment between sources | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country, area reported in the article | First author, publication year | Ref | Age range | Period | Detect. AA/C-Peptide | Need of insulin therapy | Administration insulin therapy | Clinical impression | Ketosis/ ketonuria | Weight loss | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary | % of ascertainment |
African Region, LMIC | ||||||||||||||
Mauritius: NW | Tuomileht J., 1993†| [13] | 0-19 | 1986-1990 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Medical reports | Medical statistics | NA | 95.0 |
United Republic of Tanzania: Dar es Salaam | Swai A. B., 1993†| [14] | 0-19 | 1982-1991 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Medical reports | Hospital records | NA | NA |
Eastern Mediterranean Region, LMIC | ||||||||||||||
Iran (Islamic Republic of): Fars | Pishdad G. R., 2005 †| [15] | 0-29 | 1990-1994 | Yes (a) | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Medical reports from endocrinologists | Medical records | NA | 100 |
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Benghazi | Kadiki O. A., 1996†| [16] | 0-34 | 1981-1990 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | NA | Yes | NA | National Diabetes Program | Hospital registers | NA | 95.0 |
Tunisia: Beja, Monastir, Gafsa | Ben Khalifa F., 1998†| [17] | 0-19 | 1990-1994 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital records | School health centers | NA | 96.0 |
European Region, LMIC | ||||||||||||||
Croatia: Zagreb | Roglic G., 1995†| [18] | 0- > 55 | 1988-1992 | No | Yes | Within 1 week of diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | National Diabetes Program | Death certificates | Diabetes association | 96.2 |
Estonia: NW | Kalits I., 1990†| [19] | 0- > 50 | 1988-1988 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Lithuania: NW | Ostrauskas R., 2011†| [20] | 15-34 | 1991-2008 | No | Yes | Within 2 weeks of diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | National Diabetes Program | Regional endocrinologist | Notes of patient insurance | 86.8 |
Lithuania: NW | Pundziute-Lycka A., 2003 | [21] | 0-39 | 1991-2000 | No | Yes | Within 2 weeks of diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | National Diabetes Program | Pediatrician and endocrinologist reports | Death certificates | 91.2 |
Lithuania: NW | Ostrauskas R., 2000 | [22] | 15-39 | 1991-1997 | No | Yes | Within 2 weeks of diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | National Diabetes Program | Pediatrician and endocrinologist reports | Death certificates | 91.2 |
Poland: Bialystok | Kretowski A., 2001†| [23] | 0-29 | 1994-1998 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Pediatric and Internal medicine records | Hospital discharge registers | NA | 98.5 |
Poland: Province of Rzeszow | Sobel-Maruniak A., 2006†| [24] | 0-29 | 1980-1999 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Pediatric and Internal medicine records | Others health care registers | NA | 99.0 |
Poland: Province of Rzeszow | Grzywa M. A., 1995 | [25] | 0-29 | 1980-1992 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Pediatric and Internal medicine records | Others health care registers | NA | 99.0 |
Poland: Warsaw | Wysock M. J., 1992†| [26] | 0-29 | 1983-1988 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Medical records from diabetic clinics | General practitioners and diabetologist registers | Death certificates | NA |
Romania: Bucharest | Ionescu-Tirgoviste C., 1994†| [27] | 0- ≥ 85 | 1981-1991 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | Bucharest Diabetes Registry | NA | NA | NA |
Slovakia: NW | Kyvik K O, 2004†| [28] | 15-29 | 1996-1997 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Pediatrician and endocrinologist reports | Other health care registers | NA | 80.0 |
European Region, HIGH | ||||||||||||||
Austria: Upper | Rami B., 2001†| [29] | 0-29 | 1994-1996 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Pediatricians and endocrinologists reports | Austrian Diabetes Association | NA | 87.0 |
Belgium: Antwerp | Weets I., 2007†| [30] | 0-39 | 1989-2003 | Yes | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Pediatricians and endocrinologists reports | General practitioners and diabetes nurses reports | Diabetes associations and self-reporting | 97.0 |
Belgium: Antwerp | Weets I., 2002 †| [31] | 0-39 | 1989-2000 | Yes | Yes | From diagnosis | NA | NA | NA | Pediatrician and endocrinologist reports | General practitioner and diabetes nurse reports | Diabetes associations and self-reporting | 93 |
Belgium: Antwerp | Vandewalle C., 1997 †| [32] | 0-39 | 1989-1995 | Yes | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Pediatrician and endocrinologist reports | General practitioner and diabetes nurse reports | Diabetes associations and self-reporting | 85 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Republic of Srpska | Radosevic B., 2013†| [33] | 0-18 | 1998-2010 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital records | Insulin prescription registers | NA | 100 |
Denmark: Copenhagen and Frederiksborg | Molbak A. G., 1994†| [34] | 30-95 | 1973-1977 | Yes (b) | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Hospital discharges | General practitioners and diabetologist registers and death certificates | Missing coding of T1D diagnosis in hospital admissions | 99.0 |
Finland: NW | Lammi N., 2007†| [35] | 15-39 | 1992-1996 | Yes | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | National Diabetes Program | Hospital discharge registers | Drug reimbursement registers | 88.0 |
France: Aquitaine, Lorraine, Basse Normandie, Haute Normandie | Charkaluk M. L, 2002†| [36] | 0-19 | 1988-1997 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | Prospective registers | French Social Security registers | NA | 96.0 |
France: Aquitaine, Lorraine, Basse Normandie, Haute Normandie | Levy-Marchal, C., 1998 | [37] | 0-19 | 1988-1995 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | Prospective registers | French Social Security registers | NA | 96.0 |
Israel: NW | Blumenfeld O., 2014†| [38] | 0-17 | 1997-2010 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Israel juvenile diabetes register | Israel Center for Disease Control | NA | NA |
Israel: NW | Sella T., 2011 | [39] | 0-17 | 2000-2008 | No | Yes | None declared | Yes | NA | NA | Israel juvenile diabetes register | Israel Center for Disease Control | NA | NA |
Israel: NW | Koton S., 2007 | [40] | 0-17 | 1997-2003 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Israel juvenile diabetes register | NA | NA | NA |
Italy: Lombardie | Garancini, P., 1991†| [41] | 0-34 | 1981-1982 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | Hospital discharge records | Hospital admission records | NA | 85.7 |
Italy: Pavia | Tenconi M. T., 1995†| [42] | 0-29 | 1988-1992 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital records | Drug registers | NA | 100 |
Italy: Sardinia | Muntoni S, 1992†| [43] | 0-29 | 1989-1990 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital records | Diabetes association | NA | 92.8 |
Italy: Sardinia (Oristano) | Frongia O., 1997†| [44] | 0-29 | 1993-1996 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital records | Drug registers | NA | 100 |
Italy: Turin | Bruno G., 2009†| [45] | 15-29 | 2000-2004 | Yes | Yes | Within 6 months of diagnosis | NA | NA | NA | Hospital records | Drug registers | NA | NA |
Italy: Turin | Bruno G., 2005†| [46] | 30-49 | 1999-2001 | Yes | Yes | Within 6 months of diagnosis | NA | Yes | NA | Diabetes clinics | Drug registers | NA | 99.0 |
Italy: Turin | Bruno G., 1993 | [47] | 0-29 | 1984-1988 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | NA | Yes | NA | Diabetic clinics records | Hospital discharge records | NA | 97.0 |
Luxembourg: NW | De Beaufort C. E., 1988†| [48] | 0-19 | 1977-1986 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | Pediatric and Internal medicine records | Dutch Diabetes Association | NA | 100 |
Malta: NW | Schranz A. G., 1989†| [49] | 0-24 | 1980-1987 | No | Yes | Within 3 moths of diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Medical reports | Diabetic clinic records | NA | NA |
Netherlands: NW | Ruwaard D., 1994†| [50] | 0-19 | 1988-1990 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | Pediatric and Internal medicine records | NA | NA | 81.0 |
Norway: NW | Joner G., 1991†| [51] | 15-29 | 1978-1982 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | NA | NA | NA | Pediatricians and endocrinologists reports | Hospital records | NA | 90.0 |
Slovenia: NW | Radosevic B., 2013†| [33] | 0-18 | 1998-2010 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Slovenian National Registry of Childhood diabetes | Insulin prescription registers | NA | 100 |
Spain: Badajoz | Morales-Perez F. M., 2000†| [52] | 0-29 | 1992-1996 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | Pediatricians and endocrinologists reports | Diabetic clinic records | NA | 95.0 |
Spain: Canarias Islands | Carrillo Dominguez, A., 2000†| [53] | 0-30 | 1995-1996 | No | Yes | None declared | Yes | NA | Yes | Hospital records and Endocrinologist reports | Diabetes association reports and sales on blood glucose monitors | NA | 90.1 |
Spain: Catalonia | Abellana R., 2009†| [54] | 0-29 | 1989-1998 | Yes (c) | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | Catalan Registry of Type 1 Diabetes | Summer camps, associations, and prescription data | NA | 90.0 |
Spain: Catalonia | Goday A., 1992 | [55] | 0-29 | 1987-1990 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Catalan Registry of Type 1 Diabetes | Summer camps, patient associations, and prescription data | NA | 90.1 |
Spain: Navarra | Forga L., 2014†| [56] | 0- > 45 | 2009-2012 | Yes | Yes | Within 6 months of diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | Hospital records | Electronic medical records, diabetes associations | NA | 98.4 |
Spain: Navarra | Forga L., 2013†| [57] | 0-79 | 2009-2011 | Yes | Yes | Within 6 months of diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | Hospital records | Electronic medical records, diabetes associations | NA | 98.4 |
Sweden: NW | Dahlquist G. G., 2011†| [58] | 0-34 | 1983-2007 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | National Diabetes Program | Pediatricians and endocrinologist reports | NA | 96.0 |
Sweden: NW | Östman J., 2008 | [59] | 15-34 | 1983-2002 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | National Diabetes Program | Pediatrician and endocrinologist reports | Computer-based patient administrative register | 82 |
Sweden: NW | Pundziute-Lycka A., 2002 | [60] | 0-34 | 1983-1998 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | National Diabetes Program | Pediatrician and endocrinologist reports | Computer-based patient administrative register | 91.2 |
Sweden: NW | Nyström L., 1992 | [61] | 0-34 | 1983-1987 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | National Diabetes Program | Hospital admission and discharge registers | NA | 89 |
Sweden: NW | Blohme G., 1992 | [62] | 15-34 | 1983-1987 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | National Diabetes Program | Hospital admission and discharge registers | NA | NA |
Sweden: Kronoberg | Thunander M., 2008†| [63] | 0-100 | 1998-2001 | Yes | Yes | Within 4 weeks of diagnosis | Yes | Yes | NA | Opportunistic screening of all adult patients in contact with the medical care system | Departments of ophthalmology | NA | 98.0 |
United Kingdom: NW | Imkampe A. K., 2011†| [64] | 0-34 | 1991-2008 | No | Yes | Within 3 moths of diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | National Diabetes Program | Pediatricians and endocrinologist reports | NA | NA |
United Kingdom: Oxford region | Bingley P. J., 1989 | [65] | 0-21 | 1985-1986 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Medical reports from general practioners and pediatricians | Regional hospital records | NA | 95.0 |
Region of the Americas, LMIC | ||||||||||||||
Barbados: NW | Jordan O. W., 1994†| [66] | 0-29 | 1982-1991 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital records | Others health care registers | NA | 94.0 |
Region of the Americas, HIGH | ||||||||||||||
Canada: Quebec | Legault L., 2006†| [67] | 0-18 | 2000 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | Departmental program: Régie des Rentes du Québec program | NA | NA | NA |
United States of America: Alabama (Jefferson County) | Wagenknecht L. E., 1991†| [68] | 0-19 | 1979-1988 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | Hospital records | Summer camps, patient associations, and prescription data | NA | NA |
United States of America: Alabama (Jefferson County) | Wagenknecht L. E.,1989 | [69] | 0-19 | 1979-1985 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital records | Association registers | NA | 95.0 |
United States of America: Colorado | Vehik K., 2007†| [70] | 0-17 | 2000-2004 | No | Yes | Within 2 weeks of diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Pediatricians and endocrinologists reports | Other health care registers | The SEARCH Study | 96.5 |
United States of America: Colorado | Kostraba J. N., 1992 | [71] | 0-17 | 1978-1988 | No | Yes | Within 2 weeks of diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Pediatricians and endocrinologists reports | Hospital registers | NA | 93.3 |
United States of America: Pennsylvania (Allegheny) | Libman I. M., 1998†| [72] | 0-19 | 1990-1994 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Medical reports | General practitioners and diabetes nurses reports | NA | 97.7 |
United States of America: Rhode Island | Fishbein H. A., 1982†| [73] | 0-29 | 1979-1980 | No | Yes | None declared | NA | NA | NA | Medical reports | Insulin prescription registers | NA | NA |
United States of America: five areas § | Bell R., 2009 †| [74] | 0-19 | 2002-2005 | Yes | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Medical reports | Other health care registers | The SEARCH Study | NA |
United States of America: Wisconsin | Allen C., 1986†| [75] | 0-29 | 1970-1979 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital discharges | Pediatricians and endocrinologist reports | NA | 90.0 |
United States of America: The United States Navy | Gorham C., 1993 | [76] | 17-34 | 1974-1988 | No | NA* | None declared | Yes | NA | NA | Hospital discharges | NA | NA | NA |
Western Pacific Region, HIGH | ||||||||||||||
Australia: New South Wales | Tran F., 2014†| [77] | 10-18 | 2001-2008 | No | Yes | NA | Yes | NA | Yes | Endocrine group diabetes register | National diabetes register | NA | 96.0 |
Australia: Sydney (Southern Metropolitan Health Region) | Sutton L., 1989†| [78] | 0-19 | 1984-1987 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | NA | NA | Medical reports from general practioners and pediatricians | Schools in the area | Syringe register | NA |
Japan: Osaka | Sasaki A., 1992†| [79] | 0-18 | 1978-1988 | No | Yes | None declared | Yes | Yes | NA | Medical benefits system | NA | NA | NA |
New Zealand: Canterbury | Scott, R. S., 1991†| [80] | 0- ≥ 80 | 1981-1986 | No | Yes | Within 1 year of diagnosis | Yes | NA | Yes | Community-based surveys administrated in pharmacies where diabetic patients acquired their insulin supplies | Hospital admission and discharge registers and diabetologist | NA | 95.0 |
Other Regions currently non WHO | ||||||||||||||
Taiwan: NW | Lin W.-H., 2013 †| [81] | 0- ≥ 60 | 1999-2010 | Yes | Yes | None declared | Yes | Yes | NA | National Health Insure register and Illness certificates | Random sample of a database used to reimbursements | NA | 98.3 |
US Virgin Islands: NW | Washington R. E., 2013†| [82] | 0-19 | 2001-2010 | No | Yes | From diagnosis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Medical reports | Medical providers | NA | 98.7 |