Table 2 Smoking status by participant characteristics (N = 2,770 for all comparisons)

Demographics

Age, years (older)

0.51

67.70***

2.96

Education, years (higher)

38.85***

0.22

0.04

Marriage (married)

7.75**

1.03

3.53

Region (developed)

2.13

0.67

2.76

Ethnic (Han vs. Hui)

36.83***

5.76*

0.10

Migrant (no)

18.86***

7.50**

0.19

Urban/rural (rural)

0.25

2.70

0.99

Physical health

Overall health (poor)

7.80**

0.48

2.32

Type II diabetes (yes)

0.70

6.71**

1.15

Hypertension (yes)

1.60

7.50**

5.83*

Any physical pains (no)

11.54***

1.11

1.18

Mental health

Anxiety disorder (present)

19.35***

4.20*

3.93*

Mood disorder (present)

0.71

0.11

0.38

Insomnia (present)

1.39

1.48

3.55*

Religious involvement

Religious affiliation (no)

19.83***

3.83*

0.21

Religious attendance (seldom)

19.50***

0.06

0.16

Importance of religion (less)

30.71***

1.16

0.01

High religiosity (no)

19.31***

0.43

0.04