Illness perceptions and explanatory models of viral hepatitis B & C among immigrants and refugees: a narrative systematic review

Owiti, John A; Greenhalgh, Trisha; Sweeney, Lorna; Foster, Graham R; Bhui, Kamaldeep S

doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1476-0

Table 7 Categorisation of the outcome data according to the explanatory model framework

From: Illness perceptions and explanatory models of viral hepatitis B & C among immigrants and refugees: a narrative systematic review

Theme	Category	Subcategory
The causes of HBV and HCV	Damaged liver/weak liver [50,55,67,77]
	Genes and hormones [50,65,77,79]
	Stress and negative emotions [50,51,55,67,77]
	Supernatural beliefs & kama/fate [48-50,77,86]
	Poor sanitation and hygiene [49,94]
	Alcohol [61,67,77]
	Smoking cigarettes [75]
	Food/diet [49,66]
	Physical exhaustion and fatigue [55,67]
	Internal and external imbalance [49,50,68,77,79]
	Fatigue [66]
	Bacteria [49]
HBV and HCV transmission factors	Sexual transmission [48-52,58,59,61-63,66,68-72,75,76,79-93,96-98]
	Intravenous needles for drugs [52,60,61,64,66,68,76,81,96] and other drug injecting paraphernalia - spoons, swabs, water, tourniquets, and filters [60,61,64,76]
	Through child birth or pregnancy [48,50-52,58,59,61,63,65,66,68-71,74-76,79,82-87,91-93,96,97]
	Mosquito bites [61,64,65]
	Poor hygiene/sanitation [49,77,79]
	Contact with contaminated objects/materials [55,57,77,79]
	Tattoos and body piercing [60,61,65,76]
	Environment	Remoteness of a place [49]
		Poor conditions of living [49]
		Farming (livestock and poultry) [49]
	Contact with blood and other body fluids	Blood [52,57,59,66,79,96]
		Saliva [64]
		Cough and nasal discharge [49,69,74,75,80-83,87-89,98]
		Breast milk (breast feeding) [61]
		Premasticated food [80,81,87-89]
	Eating and drinking practices	Eating food prepared by an infected person [63,68,71,72,80-84,87-89]
		Sharing food & drinks with an infected person [67,70,79,97]
		Sharing eating utensils [48,59,61,63,65,67-69,71,75,79,83,84]
		Consumption of contaminated food [57,61,66,79,96]
		Consumption of raw food [59,79]
		Drinking contaminated water [61,67]
	Intact person-to-person contact	Hugging [55,61,65,71,92]
		Shaking hands [55,61,65,71,92]
		Holding hands [55,80,81,83,87,89]
		Kissing [77,79]
	Non-intact person-to-person contact	Bites or wounds [64]
	Non-intact person-to-person contact	Open mouth ulcer [64]
	Sharing personal items	Sharing toothbrush [52,61,65,68,69,71,72,75,80-83,86-89,93,96]
		Sharing razors, blades and scalpels [52,57,60,61,63,65,68,81,83,84,87,96]
		Sharing earrings [50,79,81]
	Iatrogenic transmission	Sharing needles for injections [66,71,72,75,79,83,98]
		Medical equipment [93]
		Traditional healing practices – coin rubbing, cupping & moxibustion [61], acupuncture [61,87] and lancet therapy [87]
		Blood transfusion [50,52,57,61,62,65,77]
	Heredity	Genes [69,79]
Prevention of HBV and HCV	Vaccinations [51,52,54-57,59,62,65-67,70-72,77,78,84,90,91,94,96,98]
	Screening [54,59,62,71,72,74,78,86,90]
	Good hygiene practices [55,57,59,67,72,78,90]
	Avoid contact with blood and other body fluids [61,78]
	Avoid sharing drug injecting needles/paraphernalia [61]
	Condoms [65]
	Not taking illicit drugs [78]
	Traditional medicines [49,55,58,67]
	Regular hospital check-up [78]
	Consumption of clean and properly cooked food [76,78,81,82,84,87,88,96]
	Avoid infected needles [52]
	Clean water [52,66,72,78,81,82,84,85,88,96]
	Altering eating and drinking practices	Not sharing utensils and food [55,57,61,67,72,78,81,82,84,87,88,96]
	Altering eating and drinking practices	Not eating in restaurants [78]
	Adopting healthy lifestyles and practices	Good nutrition & balanced/healthy diet/healthy living [55,67,71,78,85]
		Regular exercise [55,67,77,78,87]
		Enough rest [55,67,77,87]
		Stress-free mind and positive attitude [55]
		Abstain from smoking [55,78]
		Abstain from drinking alcohol [55,78]
	Avoid contact with infected individuals	No kissing [55,67,78]
		No touching [55,67,78]
		No hugging [55,67,78]
		No contact with infected individuals [55,67,78]
		Avoid public spaces [78]
		Avoid public bus [78]
	Avoid sharing personal effects	Not sharing razors & shaving blades [78]
		Not sharing toothbrush [61,78]
		Not sharing soap [61]
Consequences of HBV and HCV infections	Chronic infection [48,52,58,59,62,63,70,74-76,80-82,84,86,88,91-93,98]
	Depletion of energy from the body [86]
	Depression [68]
	Death [48,52,68,75,80,81,85,86,88,89,91,92,94,96,98]	Short life expectancy [52]
	Poor health [52]	High blood pressure [81,89]
	Poor health [52]	Stomach ulcer [81]
	Discrimination and stigma	Discrimination [52,64]
		Stigma [48,52,54,59,60,64-66,70,74,77,90,93,97]
		Avoidance [48,54,58,64,66,74,75,77,86]
		Isolation [52,54,94]
		Parental rejection [90]
		Fear for the future [48]
		Burdening the family [48,90]
		Shame [48,52,60,90]
	Loss of income	Loss of employment [52]
	Loss of income	Un-employability [48,52,90]
	Loss of social status	Not having children [52]
		Spoilt identity [60]
		Impediment to future marriage [90]
	Liver disease	Liver cancer [48,51,52,56,58,59,62,63,66,68-75,80,81,83-86,88,89,91,92,96-98]
		Liver cirrhosis [49,52,55-57,59,62,63,66,70,84,94,96,97] Adversely affect liver [49,55,57,94]
		Liver failure [52]
Treatments for HBV and HCV infections	Hospital treatment/medicine [61,67]
	Good nutrition [67]
	Lifestyle changes	Adequate rest and meditation [67]
		Physical Exercise [67]
		Avoid alcohol [67]
	Indigenous medicines	Acupuncture [49,50,61,67,71,73,78]
	Indigenous medicines	Herbal remedies [49,50,55,67,78]

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcpublichealth@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com

BMC Public Health

Contact us