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Table 2 Multivariable analysis of the factors associated with weight gain (N = 4,469), excluding participants reporting involuntary weight loss at follow-up

From: Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of weight gain in the Swiss population

 

Weight gain (kg/year)

Gain ≥5 kg

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 2

Age group

      

 [35-45]

0.46 ± 0.02

0.45 ± 0.02

0.47 ± 0.02

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 [45-55]

0.33 ± 0.02

0.33 ± 0.02

0.33 ± 0.02

0.80 (0.67 - 0.96)

0.76 (0.63 - 0.92)

0.74 (0.62 - 0.90)

 [55-65]

0.21 ± 0.03

0.22 ± 0.03

0.21 ± 0.03

0.65 (0.54 - 0.79)

0.60 (0.49 - 0.73)

0.56 (0.46 - 0.69)

 [65–75]

0.06 ± 0.04

0.08 ± 0.04

0.08 ± 0.04

0.38 (0.28 - 0.51)

0.37 (0.27 - 0.50)

0.35 (0.25 - 0.47)

p-value between groups

<0.001a

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001a,d

<0.001d

<0.001d

Gender

      

 Women

0.31 ± 0.02

0.31 ± 0.02

0.31 ± 0.02

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Men

0.30 ± 0.02

0.31 ± 0.02

0.30 ± 0.02

0.97 (0.84 - 1.13)

0.93 (0.79 - 1.08)

1.02 (0.87 - 1.19)

p-value between groups

0.55b

0.88

0.73

0.72b

0.34

0.80

Born in Switzerland

      

 No

0.32 ± 0.02

0.32 ± 0.02

-

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

-

 Yes

0.30 ± 0.02

0.30 ± 0.02

-

0.97 (0.83 - 1.13)

1.04 (0.89 - 1.22)

-

p-value between groups

0.47

0.52

-

0.66

0.61

 

Nationality

      

 Swiss

0.30 ± 0.02

-

0.30 ± 0.02

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 French

0.34 ± 0.05

-

0.33 ± 0.05

0.96 (0.70 - 1.32)

-

0.98 (0.71 - 1.34)

 Italian

0.45 ± 0.06

-

0.45 ± 0.06

1.41 (1.02 - 1.93)

-

1.36 (0.98 - 1.88)

 Portuguese

0.13 ± 0.06

-

0.12 ± 0.06

0.65 (0.45 - 0.95)

-

0.60 (0.41 - 0.88)

 Spanish

0.35 ± 0.07

-

0.35 ± 0.07

1.12 (0.75 - 1.66)

-

1.10 (0.74 - 1.65)

 Other

0.32 ± 0.03

-

0.31 ± 0.03

1.07 (0.88 - 1.31)

-

1.01 (0.82 - 1.25)

p-value between groups

0.006

-

0.005

-

-

-

Receiving social help

      

 No

0.30 ± 0.01

0.30 ± 0.01

0.30 ± 0.01

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Yes

0.34 ± 0.04

0.33 ± 0.04

0.34 ± 0.04

1.43 (1.16 - 1.77)

1.28 (1.03 - 1.58)

1.32 (1.07 - 1.64)

p-value between groups

0.32

0.49

0.40

0.001

0.03

0.02

Marital status

      

 Living alone

0.36 ± 0.02

0.36 ± 0.02

0.35 ± 0.02

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Living in couple

0.28 ± 0.02

0.29 ± 0.02

0.29 ± 0.02

0.73 (0.62 - 0.86)

0.76 (0.65 - 0.90)

0.77 (0.66 - 0.91)

p-value between groups

0.007

<0.05

<0.05

<0.001

0.001

0.002

 Educational level

      

 Primary

0.32 ± 0.03

  

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Apprenticeship

0.31 ± 0.02

-

-

1.05 (0.84 - 1.30)

-

-

 Secondary school

0.30 ± 0.03

-

-

0.88 (0.70 - 1.11)

-

-

 University

0.29 ± 0.03

-

-

0.81 (0.63 - 1.03)

-

-

p-value between groups

0.95

-

-

0.02d

  

Smoking status

      

 Never

0.29 ± 0.02

0.29 ± 0.02

0.29 ± 0.02

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Former

0.28 ± 0.02

0.28 ± 0.02

0.28 ± 0.02

1.14 (0.95 - 1.36)

1.14 (0.95 - 1.36)

1.13 (0.94 - 1.36)

 Current

0.39 ± 0.03

0.37 ± 0.03

0.37 ± 0.03

1.63 (1.35 - 1.95)

1.59 (1.32 - 1.91)

1.56 (1.29 - 1.88)

p-value between groups

0.003

<0.05

<0.05

<0.001d

<0.001d

<0.001d

Physical activity

      

 No

0.34 ± 0.02

0.34 ± 0.02

0.34 ± 0.02

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Yes

0.28 ± 0.02

0.28 ± 0.02

0.28 ± 0.02

0.72 (0.62 - 0.83)

0.79 (0.68 - 0.92)

0.77 (0.66 - 0.90)

p-value between groups

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.001

0.003

0.001

Body mass index categories

  

-

   

 Normal

0.33 ± 0.02

0.33 ± 0.02

-

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

-

 Overweight

0.30 ± 0.02

0.30 ± 0.02

-

1.46 (1.23 - 1.73)

1.43 (1.21 - 1.70)

-

 Obese

0.25 ± 0.03

0.24 ± 0.04

-

1.95 (1.57 - 2.43)

1.89 (1.51 - 2.37)

-

p-value between groups

0.13

0.08

-

<0.001d

<0.001d

 

Abdominal obesity

      

 No

0.32 ± 0.02

-

0.32 ± 0.02

1 (ref.)

-

1 (ref.)

 Yes

0.27 ± 0.03

-

0.26 ± 0.03

1.58 (1.34 - 1.87)

-

1.52 (1.28 - 1.80)

p-value between groups

0.08

-

<0.05

<0.001

 

<0.001

  1. OR: Odds Ratio; BMI: Body Mass Index. Results are expressed as multivariable adjusted mean ± standard error of the mean (sem) or as odds-ratio (OR) and (95% CI). Statistical analysis by analysis of variance or logistic regression. Model 1, adjusting for age and gender, except aadjusted for gender only; badjusted for age only; Model 2, adjusted for all the variables in the model (indicated in the column); dp-value of the test for trend; −, not included in the model. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) ORs are indicated in italic.