From: Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of weight gain in the Swiss population
Weight gain (kg/year) | Gain ≥5 kg | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 2 | |
Age group | ||||||
[35-45] | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
[45-55] | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.80 (0.67 - 0.96) | 0.76 (0.63 - 0.92) | 0.74 (0.62 - 0.90) |
[55-65] | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.65 (0.54 - 0.79) | 0.60 (0.49 - 0.73) | 0.56 (0.46 - 0.69) |
[65–75] | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.38 (0.28 - 0.51) | 0.37 (0.27 - 0.50) | 0.35 (0.25 - 0.47) |
p-value between groups | <0.001a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001a,d | <0.001d | <0.001d |
Gender | ||||||
Women | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
Men | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.97 (0.84 - 1.13) | 0.93 (0.79 - 1.08) | 1.02 (0.87 - 1.19) |
p-value between groups | 0.55b | 0.88 | 0.73 | 0.72b | 0.34 | 0.80 |
Born in Switzerland | ||||||
No | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | - | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Yes | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | - | 0.97 (0.83 - 1.13) | 1.04 (0.89 - 1.22) | - |
p-value between groups | 0.47 | 0.52 | - | 0.66 | 0.61 | |
Nationality | ||||||
Swiss | 0.30 ± 0.02 | - | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
French | 0.34 ± 0.05 | - | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.96 (0.70 - 1.32) | - | 0.98 (0.71 - 1.34) |
Italian | 0.45 ± 0.06 | - | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 1.41 (1.02 - 1.93) | - | 1.36 (0.98 - 1.88) |
Portuguese | 0.13 ± 0.06 | - | 0.12 ± 0.06 | 0.65 (0.45 - 0.95) | - | 0.60 (0.41 - 0.88) |
Spanish | 0.35 ± 0.07 | - | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 1.12 (0.75 - 1.66) | - | 1.10 (0.74 - 1.65) |
Other | 0.32 ± 0.03 | - | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 1.07 (0.88 - 1.31) | - | 1.01 (0.82 - 1.25) |
p-value between groups | 0.006 | - | 0.005 | - | - | - |
Receiving social help | ||||||
No | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
Yes | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.04 | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 1.43 (1.16 - 1.77) | 1.28 (1.03 - 1.58) | 1.32 (1.07 - 1.64) |
p-value between groups | 0.32 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
Marital status | ||||||
Living alone | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
Living in couple | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.73 (0.62 - 0.86) | 0.76 (0.65 - 0.90) | 0.77 (0.66 - 0.91) |
p-value between groups | 0.007 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Educational level | ||||||
Primary | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
Apprenticeship | 0.31 ± 0.02 | - | - | 1.05 (0.84 - 1.30) | - | - |
Secondary school | 0.30 ± 0.03 | - | - | 0.88 (0.70 - 1.11) | - | - |
University | 0.29 ± 0.03 | - | - | 0.81 (0.63 - 1.03) | - | - |
p-value between groups | 0.95 | - | - | 0.02d | ||
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
Former | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 1.14 (0.95 - 1.36) | 1.14 (0.95 - 1.36) | 1.13 (0.94 - 1.36) |
Current | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 1.63 (1.35 - 1.95) | 1.59 (1.32 - 1.91) | 1.56 (1.29 - 1.88) |
p-value between groups | 0.003 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.001d | <0.001d | <0.001d |
Physical activity | ||||||
No | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
Yes | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.72 (0.62 - 0.83) | 0.79 (0.68 - 0.92) | 0.77 (0.66 - 0.90) |
p-value between groups | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Body mass index categories | - | |||||
Normal | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | - | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Overweight | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | - | 1.46 (1.23 - 1.73) | 1.43 (1.21 - 1.70) | - |
Obese | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | - | 1.95 (1.57 - 2.43) | 1.89 (1.51 - 2.37) | - |
p-value between groups | 0.13 | 0.08 | - | <0.001d | <0.001d | |
Abdominal obesity | ||||||
No | 0.32 ± 0.02 | - | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 1 (ref.) | - | 1 (ref.) |
Yes | 0.27 ± 0.03 | - | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 1.58 (1.34 - 1.87) | - | 1.52 (1.28 - 1.80) |
p-value between groups | 0.08 | - | <0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 |