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Table 3 Mean accelerometer measured moderate to vigorous physical activity, in minutes per day (1 minute bouts, with standard deviation) by site and socioeconomic characteristics for subjects with complete socioeconomic data (n = 2,101)

From: Association of car ownership and physical activity across the spectrum of human development: Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS)

 

USA

Seychelles

Jamaica

South Africa

Ghana

(n = 427)

(n = 415)

(n = 379)

(n = 469)

(n = 411)

Mean MVPA

24.3 (29.8)

29.7 (21.3)

24.6 (20.7)

37.6 (31.1)

35.3 (23.1)

Years of education (overall tertiles)

    

Lowest tertile

48.2 (49.6)

29.9 (22.4)

27.5 (20)

37.9 (33)

36 (23.3)

Middle tertile

27.1 (33.1)

34.5 (26)

23.4 (20.1)

37.3 (29.2)

32.1 (19.7)

Upper tertile

19.7 (22.1)

26.8 (17.1)

20.5 (24.8)

<5 obs

32.4 (23.8)

p for continuous

<0.001*

0.037*

0.0143*

0.508

0.526

Unskilled manual, skilled manual vs. non-manual

   

Non-manual occupation

16.6 (18.1)

24.9 (17.4)

20.4 (18.8)

30.2 (21.0)

29.7 (20.2)

Skilled manual

23.0 (23.7)

37.1 (23.8)

26.5 (25.0)

49.7 (33.0)

41.8 (22.8)

Unskilled manual

30.4 (35.6)

33.3 (23.5)

25.8 (20.2)

38.4 (32.0)

35.2 (23.2)

p for difference (F-test)

<0.001*

<0.001*

0.089

0.159

0.033*

Employment status

     

Employed

26.0 (28.0)

30.4 (22.5)

26.5 (22.2)

38.5 (29.5)

35.3 (25.3)

Unemployed

32.6 (36.4)

26.9 (16.9)

18.8 (16.4)

34.0 (27.4)

22.5 (14.2)

p for difference

<0.001*

0.285

<0.001*

0.136

<0.001*

Relative poverty

     

Poverty

23.8 (29.8)

31.6 (21.5)

23.8 (18.7)

37.4 (31)

35.8 (23)

Not poverty

28.9 (29.8)

27.0 (20.8)

25.4 (22.5)

54.5 (38.5)

32.7 (23.3)

p for continuous

0.282

0.033

0.442

0.150

0.354

Material goods scale

     

0 to 11

52.5 (64.3)

32.3 (21)

27.8 (20.9)

37.7 (31.5)

35.5 (23)

12 to 18

23.7 (28.5)

28.8 (21.4)

22.1 (20.2)

37.1 (28.5)

33.8 (23.5)

p for continuous

<0.001*

0.001*

0.005*

0.345

0.056

Car ownership

     

No

46.6 (45.4)

33.7 (20.1)

26.8 (20.7)

38.2 (31.7)

36.6 (23.2)

Yes

20.4 (24.2)

23.0 (21.8)

20.5 (20)

33.8 (26.5)

25.8 (19.3)

p for difference

<0.001*

<0.001*

0.005*

0.316

0.002*

  1. 1PPI = purchasing power parity in 2011, in US dollars per year, per household member.
  2. 2Household income categories differ across imputations, precluding use of multiple imputation (MI). Unimputed means are reported. P-values are based on continuous income in an MI model.
  3. *denotes p < 0.05.
  4. 3PPI = purchasing power parity in 2011, in US dollars per year, per household member. See http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD for national average based on PPI. See Table 2 for mean values by site.