Association of car ownership and physical activity across the spectrum of human development: Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS)

Table 2 Site specific demographics, all participants with valid physical activity and socioeconomic data (N = 2,101)

	USA	Seychelles	Jamaica	South Africa	Ghana	p-value across sites
	(n = 427)	(n = 415)	(n = 379)	(n = 469)	(n = 411)	p-value across sites
PPI adjusted Gross National Income (GNI)¹ per capita in US$	50,861	21,340	8,170	11,640	3,340
Human Development Index (HDI), 2010	0.934	0.799	0.727	0.621	0.540
Age (SD)	35.5 (6.3)	36 (5.6)	34.6 (6.1)	33.6 (5.8)	34.6 (6.6)	<0.001
Male sex (%)	48.0	48.7	51.2	47.8	42.3	0.15
Body mass index (kg/m²) (SD)	32.1 (8.7)	26.8 (5.4)	26.3 (6.3)	27.5 (8.2)	24.1 (4.4)	<0.001
Obese (BMI > =30) (%)	53.6	23.9	25.6	31.8	9.5	<0.001
Years of education (SD)	13.3 (2.2)	12.9 (2.3)	10.7 (2.0)	9.8 (2.3)	8.4 (4.0)	<0.001
Household income¹ per person in US$ (SD²)	11,652 (10,700)	10,779 (7,505)	7,042 (8,761)	886 (1,251)	1,272 (6,205)	<0.001
Proportion in relative poverty³ (%)	89.7	59.5	49.6	98.5	85.6	<0.001
Manual laborer or farmer (%)	48.7	41.4	63.9	87.4	75.7	<0.001

¹PPI = purchasing power parity in 2011, in US dollars per year. See http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD for national average based on PPI.
²Standard deviation for imputed income based on weighted average across 10 imputed datasets; inverse variance used for weights.
³Proportion falling below half PPI-GNP per capita.

ISSN: 1471-2458