Table 5 Questions from literature regarding risk perceptions and knowledge of child exposure to tobacco smoke
From: Parental risk perceptions of child exposure to tobacco smoke
Study ID | Question + scale for answer | Author definition | Inferred dimension |
|---|---|---|---|
Bock | How much do you think other people’s smoking affects your baby’s health Scale: 1-5 | Risk perception | Severity |
Chen 2013 | Smoking has bad impact on children’s health | Perception, consequence | Harm |
Children’s health is affected | |||
Scale: 1–5, strongly agree to strongly disagree | |||
Drehmer, Winickoff | Breathing air in a room where people smoked yesterday can harm children today (third hand smoke) | Health risks (thirdhand smoke) | Harm |
Scale: 1–4 agreement, strongly agreed – strongly disagreed | |||
Evans and Gilmore | 'Do you think that living with someone who smokes does, or does not, increase a child's risk of: asthma/ear infection/cot death/chest infections/other infections?' | Knowledge | Susceptibility |
Scale: Binary (yes/no) | |||
Farber | How much effect do you think exposure to tobacco smoke has on your child’s asthma? | Beliefs | Severity |
Scale: 4 categories: No/small/moderate/large negative effect. | |||
Helgason | Children exposed to ETS more likely to have inner ear/respiratory diseases/asthma attacks | Health risk awareness | Susceptibility |
Scale: 1-4 | |||
Lonergan | A nonsmoker who regularly breathes in someone else’s smoke increases the risk of a nonsmoker getting… ear infections in children (Increases risk/does not increase risk) | Risk perceptions | Susceptibility |
Lund & Helgason | Children exposed to ETS are more likely to have inner ear/respiratory diseases/ | Health risk awareness | Susceptibility |
Scale: 1-4 | |||
McMillan | Inhaled smoke from a parent’s cigarette harms health of infants and children | Knowledge of harm | Harm |
Scale: 1–4 agreement/ disagreement | |||
Wagener | From Perceived vulnerability scale: | Risk perception, Perceived vulnerability, optimism bias | Susceptibility |
How much do you believe that | |||
a. your smoking is related to your child’s asthma symptoms | Severity | ||
b. your smoking increases the frequency of your child’s asthma attacks | Severity | ||
c. your smoking affects how bad your child’s asthma is | Severity | ||
d. your smoking increases the chance that your child will have to go to the emergency room or be hospitalized for an asthma attack? | Susceptibility/Severity | ||
From Optimistic Bias scale: | Susceptibility/Severity | ||
Compared to other children with asthma whose parents don’t smoke, what are the chances that | Susceptibility/Severity | ||
a. your child will have an asthma attack | Susceptibility/Severity | ||
b. your child’s asthma symptoms getting worse, | |||
c. your child will have to visit the emergency room for an asthma attack | |||
d. your child will have to visit a doctor because of worsening asthma | |||
Scale: 1–5, low – high risk | |||
Winickoff 2009 | Inhaled smoke from a parent’s cigarette harms health of infants and children | Health beliefs | Harm |
Harm | |||
Breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm | |||
Health of infants and children | |||
Scale: 1–4 agreement |