| Never Wheezers Never Asthmatics (NWNA) | Active Asthmatics (AA) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 671 | n = 69 | ||||
Variable |  | Mean 25(OH)D levels (SD) | p-value †| Mean 25(OH)D levels (SD) | p-value †|
Gender | Male | 23.87 (6.62) | <0.01 | 21.70 (5.20) | 0.48 |
Female | 22.23 (6.19) | 20.71 (5.92) | |||
Season | Autumn | 25.86 (6.73) | 0.03 | 26.80 (2.55) | 0.49 |
Winter | 22.73 (6.51) | 20.91 (5.43) | |||
Spring | 22.61 (6.10) | 21.01 (5.72) | |||
Sun exposure in Summer | <1Â hour | 22.05 (6.05) | 0.25 | 16.33 (6.23) | 0.09 |
1-2 hours | 22.58 (7.13) | 21.08 (8.45) | |||
2-3 hours | 22.57 (6.25) | 19.78 (5.97) | |||
3-4 hours | 23.07 (5.88) | 21.94 (4.47) | |||
>4Â hours | 23.22 (6.63) | 22.00 (5.34) | |||
Sun exposure in Winter | <1Â hour | 22.16 (6.62) | <0.01 | 17.63 (6.18) | 0.18 |
1-2 hours | 22.31 (6.06) | 22.34 (5.100 | |||
2-3 hours | 23.69 (6.67) | 20.01 (5.53) | |||
3-4 hours | 23.98 (5.83) | 22.68 (6.12) | |||
>4Â hours | 25.13 (7.52) | 22.18 (3.20) | |||
Use of sun protection | Never/rarely | 22.75 (6.10) | 0.36 | 20.49 (6.99) | 0.94 |
Occasionally | 22.88 (6.88) | 22.11 (4.42) | |||
Most of the time | 22.16 (5.79) | 18.69 (5.14) | |||
Almost always/Always | 23.93 (6.54) | 21.73 (6.08) | |||
Skin type | Olive | 23.42 (8.84) | 0.04 | 23.95 (0.78) | 0.01 |
Olive/Medium | 22.48 (6.23) | 22.15 (5.00) | |||
Medium/Fair | 23.83 (6.59) | 18.47 (6.55) | |||
Fair | 24.30 (5.37) | 16.30 (0) | |||
Exercise level (IPAQ) | Low | 22.75 (6.57) | 0.40 | 21.13 (6.14) | 0.81 |
Moderate | 22.88 (6.23) | 21.06 (5.25) | |||
High | 23.47 (6.07) | 22.05 (5.27) | |||
Parental education | Elementary | 22.68 (7.44) | 0.62 | 22.20 (3.05) | 0.87 |
Secondary | 22.99 (6.50) | 20.80 (5.38) | |||
Tertiary | 22.65 (6.16) | 21.48 (6.28) | |||
Smoking status | No | 22.86 (6.75) | 0.06 | 21.27 (5.68) | 0.69 |
Yes | 24.54 (6.83) | Â | 20.52 (5.36) | Â | |
Body fat percent | Quartile 1 | 23.48 (6.30) | 0.02 | 22.23 (5.68) | 0.33 |
Quartile 2 | 23.42 (7.08) | 21.45 (4.66) | |||
Quartile 3 | 23.07 (5.91) | 20.72 96.17) | |||
Quartile 4 | 21.78 (6.23) | 20.38 (6.08) | |||
Dietary intake vitamin D | <400Â IU | 22.96 (6.43) | 0.13 | 20.87 (5.59) | 0.14 |
>400.1Â IU | 21.27 (5.77) | 24.90 (6.83) |