Risk factors | Overall | Tribes and sub-tribes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto Malay | Senoi | Negrito | ||||||
Seletar | Jakun | Mahmeri | Semai | Jehai | Mendriq | Batek | ||
Obesity (>30 kg/m2) | 16.8% ± 3.0% | 31.6% ± 5.7% | 5.8% ± 5.5% | 27.5% ± 13.8 | 8.8% ± 7.4% | 1.90% ± 2.6% | 4.5% ± 6.1 | 0.0% ± 0.0 |
Abdominal obesity | 38.4% ± 3.4% | 66.10% ± 5.86% | 29.60% ± 10.7% | 31.10% ± 13.52% | 16.10% ± 9.62% | 13.60% ± 9.5% | 27.30% ± 13.16% | 6.30 ± 6.87 |
(M: Waist >90 cm | ||||||||
F: Waist >80 cm) | ||||||||
Hypertension ≥140/90 mmHg | 29.6% ± 3.6% | 29.4% ± 5.6% | 14.5% ± 8.2% | 35.4% ± 13.5% | 12.3% ± 8.5% | 43.8% ± 9.29% | 16.3% ± 11.0% | 51.2% ± 15.3 |
Reduced HDL-C | 45.8% ± 3.9% | 24.5% ± 5.3% | 72.9% ± 10.4% | 42.10% ± 12.82% | 33.30% ± 12.23% | 63.90% ± 9.56% | 72.10% ± 13.41% | 77.10% ± 11.89% |
(M: < 1.0 mmol/L | ||||||||
F: < 1.3 mmol/L) | ||||||||
Elevated TG | 23.9% ± 3.3% | 22.5% ± 5.1% | 30.0% ± 10.7% | 16.1% ± 9.6% | 26.3% ± 11.4% | 29.9% ± 9.1 | 27.9% ± 13.4% | 12.5% ± 9.4% |
(≥1.7 mmol/L) | ||||||||
IFG | 7.4% ± 2.4% | 9.9% ± 3.7% | 1.4% ± 2.8% | 3.4% ± 4.8% | 7.5% ± 7.1% | N/A | N/A | N/A |
(FPG 6.1 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L) | ||||||||
High HbA1c | 8.8 ± 2.2 | 18.2% ± 4.8% | 1.5% ± 2.8% | 7.3% ± 8.0% | 3.6% ± 4.9% | 4.2% ± 4.0% | 0.0% ± 0.0 | 0.0% ± 0.0% |
(≥42 mmol/mol [6.0%]) % | ||||||||
Pre-Diabetes | 4.2 ± 1.6 | 9.1% ± 3.6% | 1.5% ± 2.9% | 0.0 | 1.8% ± 3.5% | 2.1% ± 2.9% | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(HbA1C 6.0% - 6.4%) | ||||||||
Diabetes Mellitus | 4.6 ± 1.6 | 9.1% ± 3.6% | 0.0 | 7.3% ± 8.0% | 1.8% ± 3.5% | 2.1% ± 2.9% | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(HbA1C ≥ 6.5%) | ||||||||
Data expressed as prevalence at 95% confidence intervals | ||||||||
Data calculated using IBM Statistics SPSS v21.0. |