Risk factors | Overall | Tribes and Sub-tribes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto Malay | Senoi | Negrito | Significance | ||||||
Seletar | Jakun | Mahmeri | Semai | Jehai | Mendriq | Batek | p-value | ||
BMI (kg/m 2 ) % | 22.90 (8.50) | 27.35 (9.27) | 20.10 (7.50) | 21.74 (10.00) | 22.97 (4.45) | 20.50 (3.99) | 22.20 (5.50) | 19.20 (2.57) | <0.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) % | 79.0 (22.0) | 90.0 (24.0) | 69.0 (16.5) | 79.0 (19.5) | 75.5 (12.3) | 71.0 (12.0) | 78.0 (11.0) | 69.0 (8.4) | <0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm HG) | 125 (23) | 123 (23) | 118 (22) | 129 (32) | 118 (22) | 131 (28) | 124 (15) | 134 (22) | <0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm HG) | 81 (15) | 81 (15) | 75 (13) | 83 (28) | 70 (15) | 85 (18) | 79 (15) | 85 (16) | <0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.90 (1.76) | 5.18 (1.89) | 4.66 (1.47) | 5.18 (1.31) | 5.29 (1.39) | 4.74 (1.16) | 1.98 (0.00) | 1.98 (0.00) | <0.0001 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.18 (0.44) | 1.36 (0.39) | 0.99 (0.36) | 1.28 (0.34) | 1.16 (0.26) | 1.01 (0.32) | 0.90 (0.25) | 0.95 (0.18) | <0.0001 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.23 (0.77) | 1.22 (0.76) | 1.35 (0.98) | 1.47 (1.03) | 1.35 (1.02) | 1.22 (0.89) | 1.33 (1.07) | 1.17 (0.52) | 0.779 |
TG/HDL | 1.06 (0.86) | 0.929 (0.620) | 1.227 (1.060) | 1.070 (0.770) | 1.120 (0.850) | 1.273 (1.040) | 1.427 (1.200) | 1.249 (0.790) | <0.0001 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol); (%) | 5.2 (0.6) [33 (4)] | 5.3 (0.9) [34 (5)] | 5.0 (0.4) [31 (2)] | 5.2 (0.5) [33 (3)] | 5.1 (0.6) [32 (3)] | 5.3 (0.5) [34 (3)] | 4.9 (0.6) [30 (4)] | 5.3 (0.3) [34 (2)] | <0.0001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.08 (1.12) | 5.28 (0.82) | 4.16 (0.94) | 4.90 (1.00) | 4.89 (0.85) | 5.10 (1.30)§ | 4.46 (0.87)§ | 4.97 (1.29)§ | <0.0001 |
HOMA-IR | 3.20 (3.80) | 3.15 (3.78) | 2.40 (3.20) | 3.10 (3.50) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.120 |