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Table 2 PsyCap scores and differences in current smoking status, demographic and occupational factors

From: Associations of psychological capital, demographic and occupational factors with cigarette smoking among Chinese underground coal miners

 

PsyCap Mean (SD)

Self-efficacy Mean (SD)

Hope Mean (SD)

Resilience Mean (SD)

Optimism Mean (SD)

Smoking status

     

 Current smoker

4.29 (0.77)

4.28 (0.90)

4.27 (0.86)

4.31 (0.85)

4.29 (0.93)

 Current nonsmoker

4.27 (0.81)

4.26 (0.93)

4.27 (0.90)

4.26 (0.93)

4.32 (0.94)

Age (years)

     

 ≤35

4.17 (0.80)**

4.17 (0.96)**

4.18 (0.90)**

4.18 (0.90)**

4.15 (0.98)**

 36–45

4.36 (0.76)

4.36 (0.85)

4.33 (0.86)

4.36 (0.88)

4.40 (0.89)

 ≥46

4.29 (0.79)

4.25 (0.94)

4.28 (0.88)

4.30 (0.88)

4.34 (0.93)

Marital status

     

 Single/Divorced/Widowed/Separated

4.20 (0.80)*

4.20 (0.95)

4.22 (0.90)

4.19 (0.88)*

4.20 (0.95)*

 Married/Cohabiting

4.29 (0.78)

4.29 (0.90)

4.28 (0.88)

4.31 (0.89)

4.33 (0.93)

Education

     

 Junior high school or under

4.26 (0.74)

4.24 (0.87)

4.25 (0.83)

4.27 (0.84)

4.29 (0.90)

 Senior high school/Technical secondary school or above

4.30 (0.82)

4.30 (0.95)

4.29 (0.92)

4.30 (0.93)

4.32 (0.96)

Job rank

     

 Head miner

4.40 (0.80)

4.37 (0.91)

4.39 (0.86)

4.41 (0.89)

4.45 (0.91)

 Staff miner

4.25 (0.78)**

4.25 (0.91)*

4.24 (0.88)**

4.26 (0.89)**

4.27 (0.94)**

Occupational category

     

 Mining/Tunneling

4.24 (0.81)**

4.21 (0.94)**

4.24 (0.90)

4.24 (0.90)*

4.26 (0.96)*

 Supporting

4.34 (0.76)

4.34 (0.88)

4.31 (0.84)

4.34 (0.87)

4.36 (0.90)

ERI

     

 Low

4.47 (0.76)

4.43 (0.86)

4.47 (0.84)

4.45 (0.85)

4.52 (0.88)

 Intermediate

4.31 (0.76)

4.30 (0.91)

4.29 (0.85)

4.31 (0.85)

4.36 (0.87)

 High

4.07 (0.80)**

4.08 (0.94)**

4.04 (0.89)**

4.11(0.93)**

4.04 (0.99)**

PPE

     

 Low

4.31 (0.76)

4.27 (0.88)

4.32 (0.86)

4.31 (0.86)

4.36 (0.89)

 Intermediate

4.28 (0.75)

4.26 (0.85)

4.27 (0.84)

4.28 (0.85)

4.31 (0.90)

 High

4.26 (0.85)

4.29 (1.00)

4.23 (0.94)

4.28 (0.95)

4.25 (1.00)

  1. PsyCap, psychological capital; SD, standard deviation; ERI, effort-reward imbalance; PPE, perceived physical environment.
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.