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Table 2 Relative co-morbidity risks related to being overweight or obese

From: The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Co-morbidity

Measure

Overweight

Obesity

  

Male

Female

Male

Female

Type II Diabetes*

BMI

2.40 (2.12–2.72)

3.92 (3.10–4.97)

6.74 (5.55–8.19)

12.41 (9.03–17.06)

 

WC

2.27 (1.67–3.10)†

3.40 (2.42–4.78)

5.13 (3.81–6.90)†

11.10 (8.23–14.96)

Cancer

     

   Breast, Postmenopausal

BMI

-

1.08 (1.03–1.14)

-

1.13 (1.05–1.22)

   Colorectal

BMI

1.51 (1.37–1.67)

1.45 (1.30–1.62)

1.95 (1.59–2.39)

1.66 (1.52–1.81)

   Endometrial

BMI

-

1.53 (1.45–1.61)

-

3.22 (2.91–3.56)

   Esophageal

BMI

1.13 (1.02–1.26)

1.15 (0.97–1.36)

1.21 (0.97–1.52)

1.20 (0.95–1.53)

   Kidney

BMI

1.40 (1.31–1.49)

1.82 (1.68–1.98)

1.82 (1.61–2.05)

2.64 (2.39–2.90)

   Ovarian

BMI

-

1.18 (1.12–1.23)

-

1.28 (1.20–1.36)

   Pancreatic

BMI

1.28 (0.94–1.75)

1.24 (0.98–1.56)

2.29 (1.65–3.19)

1.60 (1.17–2.20)

   Prostate

BMI

1.14 (1.00–1.31)

-

1.05 (0.85–1.30)

-

Cardiovascular Diseases

     

   Hypertension*

BMI

1.28 (1.10–1.50)

1.65 (1.24–2.19)

1.84 (1.51–2.24)

2.42 (1.59–3.67)

 

WC

NA

1.38 (1.27–1.51)

NA

1.90 (1.77–2.03)

   Coronary Artery Disease*

BMI

1.29 (1.18–1.41)†

1.80 (1.64–1.98)

1.72 (1.51–1.96)†

3.10 (2.81–3.43)

 

WC

1.41 (1.16–1.72)†

1.82 (1.41–2.36)

1.81 (1.45–2.25)†

2.69 (2.05–3.53)

   Congestive Heart Failure*

BMI

1.31 (0.96–1.79)

1.27 (0.68–2.37)†

1.79 (1.24–2.59)

1.78 (1.07–2.95)†

   Pulmonary Embolism

BMI

1.91 (1.39–2.64)

1.91 (1.39–2.64)

3.51 (2.61–4.73)

3.51 (2.61–4.73)

   Stroke*

BMI

1.23 (1.13–1.34)†

1.15 (1.00–1.32)†

1.51 (1.33–1.72)†

1.49 (1.27–1.74)†

Other

     

   Asthma

BMI

1.20 (1.08–1.33)†

1.25 (1.05–1.49)†

1.43 (1.14–1.79)†

1.78 (1.36–2.32)†

   Gallbladder Disease*

BMI

1.09 (0.87–1.37)‡

1.44 (1.05–1.98)‡

1.43 (1.04–1.96)‡

2.32 (1.17–4.57)‡

 

WC

1.61 (1.40–1.85)†

NA

2.38 (2.06–2.75)†

NA

   Osteoarthritis

BMI

2.76 (2.05–3.70)

1.80 (1.75–1.85)†

4.20 (2.76–6.41)

1.96 (1.88–2.04)†

   Chronic Back Pain

BMI

1.59 (1.34–1.89)†

1.59 (1.34–1.89)†

2.81 (2.27–3.48)†

2.81 (2.27–3.48)†

  1. BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference
  2. †If indicated, the relative risks calculated from the ratios of proportions (RR-Ps) were used; otherwise, the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were used;
  3. ‡Both RR-Ps and IRRs were used
  4. *WC measures were considered to be the better risk predictor than BMI measures
  5. Cancer: cases, not mortality and indicated by physician diagnosis of cancer; Coronary Artery Disease: indicated by Myocardial Infarction or Angina; Osteoarthritis: indicated by joint replacement; Chronic Back Pain: indicated by early retirement due to back pain
  6. NA: Not available; "-" Not applicable