Table 1 Frequency of overweight (including obesity) and obesity according to potential determinants [% (95% CI)] and odds ratio
Na) | Overweightb) (including obesity) [%] | ORc) for Overweight (95% CI) | Obesityb) [%] | ORc) for Obesity (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal and social factors | |||||
Socio-economic status | |||||
Low | 3655 | 26.6 | 2.12 (1.8–2.4) | 8.9 | 3.76 (3.0–4.7) |
Medium | 6121 | 20.3 | 1.47 (1.3–1.7) | 4.7 | 1.87 (1.4–2.5) |
High | 3326 | 14.5 | ref. | 2.5 | ref. |
Missing data | 348 | ||||
p-value* | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Migration background | |||||
One-parent | 920 | 19.0 | 1.00 (0.8–1.2) | 4.7 | 1.01 (0.7–1.5) |
Two-parent | 2031 | 25.2 | 1.38 (1.2–1.6) | 7.6 | 1.61 (1.3–2.0) |
Non-Migrant | 10444 | 19.7 | ref. | 4.9 | ref. |
Missing data | 55 | ||||
p-value* | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Parental overweight at time of interview (biological parents) | |||||
Both overweight/obese | 2696 | 32.4 | 4.92 (4.1–6.0) | 10.6 | 10.2 (6.7–15.3) |
Mother overweight/obese | 1056 | 18.5 | 2.36 (1.8–3.1) | 4.4 | 4.01 (2.4–6.7) |
Father overweight/obese | 3435 | 17.5 | 2.21 (1.8–2.7) | 3.6 | 3.27 (2.1–5.1) |
None overweight/obese | 2707 | 8.6 | ref. | 1.1 | ref. |
Incomplete datad) | 3556 | 24.4 | 3.19 (2.6–3.9) | 6.5 | 5.76 (3.7–8.9) |
p-value* | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Parental smoking (at time of interview) | |||||
Father and mother smoke | 2534 | 27.8 | 1.91 (1.7–2.2) | 8.8 | 2.46 (1.9–3.1) |
Only mother smokese) | 1788 | 24.3 | 1.52 (1.3–1.8) | 6.7 | 1.76 (1.3–2.4) |
Only father smokes | 2474 | 19.7 | 1.20 (1.1–1.4) | 4.8 | 1.28 (1.0–1.7) |
Neither mother nor father smokes | 6340 | 17.0 | ref. | 3.8 | ref. |
Missing data | 314 | ||||
p-value* | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Pubertal stage (10–17 years) | |||||
Pre-pubertal | 904 | 23.0 | ref. | 3.9 | ref. |
Pubertal | 1633 | 23.7 | 1.16 (0.9–1.5) | 5.4 | 1.60 (0.9–2.8) |
Post-pubertal | 4497 | 23.6 | 1.72 (1.3–2.3) | 6.6 | 2.35 (1.2–4.5) |
Not assessed (3–9 years) or missing data | 6416 | ||||
p-value* | <0.001 | 0.031 | |||
SCOFF (11–17 years) | |||||
Conspicuous | 1436 | 40.7 | 3.42 (2.9–4.0) | 14.1 | 4.61 (3.6–5.8) |
Inconspicuous | 4663 | 18.0 | ref. | 3.8 | ref. |
Not assessed (3–10 years) or missing data | 7351 | ||||
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Early life factors | |||||
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | |||||
Yes | 2273 | 27.8 | 1.68 (1.5–1.9) | 8.4 | 1.93 (1.6–2.4) |
No | 10724 | 18.9 | ref. | 4.6 | ref. |
Missing data | 453 | ||||
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Weight gain during pregnancy | |||||
Up to 20 kg | 10748 | 19.5 | ref. | 5.0 | ref. |
21 kg and more | 994 | 28.3 | 1.77 (1.5–2.1) | 8.5 | 1.92 (1.4–2.6) |
Missing data | 1708 | ||||
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
High birth weight | |||||
Yes (>4000 g) | 1451 | 28.4 | 1.73 (1.5–2.0) | 8.4 | 1.83 (1.5–2.3) |
No | 11342 | 19.3 | ref. | 4.9 | ref. |
Missing data | 657 | ||||
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Ever predominantly breastfed | |||||
Yes | 7999 | 17.9 | ref. | 4.2 | ref. |
No | 3977 | 25.3 | 1.50 (1.3–1.7) | 7.3 | 1.74 (1.4–2.2) |
Missing data | 1474 | ||||
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Behavioural factors | |||||
Sleep duration | |||||
Lowest tertile | 4451 | 22.5 | 1.24 (1.1–1.4) | 5.9 | 1.24 (1.0–1.6) |
Middle tertile | 4399 | 19.4 | 0.94 (0.8–1.1) | 5.0 | 0.90 (0.7–1.1) |
Highest tertile | 4318 | 19.6 | ref. | 4.9 | ref. |
Missing data | 282 | ||||
p-value* | <0.001 | 0.01 | |||
Media consumption | |||||
Lowest tertile | 4293 | 15.6 | ref. | 3.7 | ref. |
Middle tertile | 4076 | 20.0 | 1.34 (1.2–1.5) | 4.7 | 1.24 (1.0–1.6) |
Highest tertile | 4326 | 26.1 | 1.95 (1.7–2.2) | 7.3 | 2.06 (1.6–2.6) |
Missing data | 755 | ||||
p-value* | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Physical activity | |||||
Lowest tertile | 4479 | 23.1 | 1.40 (1.2–1.6) | 6.4 | 1.41 (1.1–1.8) |
Middle tertile | 4364 | 20.0 | 1.17 (1.0–1.3) | 4.7 | 1.03 (0.8–1.3) |
Highest tertile | 4035 | 18.2 | ref. | 4.7 | ref. |
Missing data | 572 | ||||
p-value* | <0.001 | <0.01 | |||
Intake of energy-providing food and beverages | |||||
Lowest tertile | 3691 | 19.4 | ref. | 4.9 | ref. |
Middle tertile | 3773 | 20.5 | 1.08 (0.9–1.2) | 4.7 | 0.95 (0.7–1.2) |
Highest tertile | 3791 | 22.5 | 1.22 (1.1–1.4) | 6.4 | 1.32 (1.1–1.7) |
Missing data | 2195 | ||||
p-value* | 0.006 | 0.011 |