Table 2 Analytical studies investigating the relation between long-term PM exposure and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality.
From: Long-term particulate matter exposure and mortality: a review of European epidemiological studies
Reference, Study design, Country | Sex, age at enrolment | Number of deaths by cause | Risk indicator, measurement unit | Relative risk (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hoek et al., 2002, NLCS cohort, the Netherlands | MF, 55-69 | 185 cardio-pulmonary | - Model 1a | - Model 1a |
BS, 10 μg/m3 | 1.34 (0.68-2.64) | |||
Living near a major road | 1.95 (1.09-3.51) | |||
- Model 2b | - Model 2b | |||
BS, 10 μg/m3 | 1.71 (1.10-2.67) | |||
Beelen et al., 2007, NLCS cohort, the Netherlands | MF, 55-69 | 7325 cardio-pulmonary | - Model 3c | - Model 3c |
BS, 10 μg/m3 | 1.06 (0.98-1.15) | |||
1046 respiratory | BS, 10 μg/m3 | 1.22 (0.99-1.49) | ||
Filleul et al., 2005, PAARC cohort, France | MF, 25-59 | 546 cardio-pulmonary | TSP, 10 μg/m3 (24 areas) | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) |
TSP, 10 μg/m3 (18 areas)d | 1.06 (1.01-1.12) | |||
BS, 10 μg/m3 (24 areas) | 1.00 (0.97-1.02) | |||
BS, 10 μg/m3 (18 areas)d | 1.05 (0.98-1.12) | |||
Gehring et al., 2006, cohort, Germany | F, 50-59 | 139 cardio-pulmonary | Average 1-year concentration PM10, 7 μg/m3 | 1.34 (1.06-1.71) |
Average 5-year concentration PM10, 7 μg/m3 | 1.59 (1.23-2.04) | |||
Rosenlund et al., 2006, case-control, Sweden | MF, 45-70 | 272 myocardial infarction | All MI deaths PM10, 5 μg/m3 | 1.39 (0.94-2.07) |
In-hospital MI deaths PM10, 5 μg/m3 | 1.21 (0.75-1.94) | |||
Out of hospital MI deaths PM10, 5 μg/m3 | 1.84 (1.00-3.40) | |||
Naess et al., 2007a, cohort, Norway | Cardio-vascular | |||
M, 51-70 | 2007 | PM2.5, quartile increase | 1.10 (1.05-1.16) | |
F, 51-70 | 946 | PM2.5, quartile increase | 1.14 (1.06-1.21) | |
M, 71-90 | 4531 | PM2.5, quartile increase | 1.05 (1.01-1.08) | |
F, 71-90 | 7480 | PM2.5, quartile increase | 1.03 (1.00-1.05) | |
COPD | ||||
M, 51-70 | 233 | PM2.5, quartile increase | 1.27 (1.11-1.47) | |
F, 51-70 | 203 | PM2.5, quartile increase | 1.09 (0.94-1.25) | |
M, 71-90 | 503 | PM2.5, quartile increase | 1.10 (1.00-1.21) | |
F, 71-90 | 516 | PM2.5, quartile increase | 1.05 (0.96-1.16) |