Table 1 Social-demographic characteristics in Daxin (rural) and Beijing (urban)

Age group (MV)

0

0

   65-69 years

316(27.2%)

383(38.2%)

40.4

3

< 0.001

   70-74 years

362(31.2%)

296(29.5%)

   75-79 years

254(21.9%)

202(20.2%)

   80+ years

228(19.7%)

121(12.1%)

Gender (MV)

0

0

   Female

661(57.0%)

556(55.5%)

0.5

1

0.49

Education level (MV)

0

0

   No education

232(20.0%)

579(57.8%)

491.9

3

< 0.001

   Primary education only

456(39.3%)

373(37.2%)

   Completed secondary

335(28.9%)

45(4.5%)

   Completed tertiary

137(11.8%)

5(0.5%)

Marital status (MV)

0

0

   Never married

3(0.3%)

22(2.2%)

52.0

3

< 0.001

   Married or cohabiting

829(71.5%)

585(58.4%)

   Widowed

326(28.1%)

394(39.3%)

   Divorced or separated

2(0.2%)

1(0.1%)

Previous occupation ¹ (MV)

1

1

   Professional/Managerial/Clerical

518(45.0%)

37(3.7%)

1888.6

3

< 0.001

   Skilled or semi-skilled

421(36.5%)

14(1.4%)

   Unskilled

207(18.0%)

13(1.3%)

   Agricultural worker

7(0.6%)

938(93.6%)

Living arrangements (MV)

0

0

   Alone

54(4.7%)

49(4.9%)

202.0

3

< 0.001

   With spouse only

415(35.8%)

194(19.4%)

   With children

446(38.4%)

679(67.8%)

   With others

245(21.1%)

80(8.0%)

   With children under 16

217(18.7%)

462(46.1%)

187.4

1

< 0.001

Source of income (MV)

0

0

   Government or occupational pension

1050 (90.5%)

38(3.8%)

1617.5

1

< 0.001

   Family transfers

54(4.7%)

305(36.4%)

347.3

1

< 0.001

   Disability pension

9(0.8%)

1(0.1%)

5.3

1

0.02

   Rent

0

122(12.2%)

149.7

1

< 0.001

   Paid work

0

6(0.6%)

7.0

1

0.008

   Have health insurance plan

14(1.2%)

769(76.9%)

1327.2

1

< 0.001

Number of household assets ² (MV)

0

0

   0-3 assets

6(0.5%)

108(10.8%)

113.3

1

< 0.001

   More than 3 assets

1154(99.5%)

894(89.2%)