Combined effects of functionally-oriented exercise regimens and nutritional supplementation on both the institutionalised and free-living frail elderly (double-blind, randomised clinical trial)

Table 8 Muscle strength – the within-group differences between post – and pre-intervention values

	Group I (n = 19) PRE+FOE +nutritional supplement		Group II (n = 21) PRE+FOE +placebo		Group III (n = 19) SE+FOE +nutritional supplement		Group IV (n = 21) SE+FOE +placebo
	mean ± SD	p value	mean ± SD	p value	mean ± SD	p value	mean ± SD	p value
Right leg
Knee flexion	3.3 ± 6.3	0.09	3.0 ± 5.4	0.06	-0.3 ± 5.8	0.65	-1.5 ± 4.3	0.79
Knee extension	5.6 ± 9.6	0.02	3.8 ± 9.7	0.08	1.7 ± 8.9	0.21	1.4 ± 9.0	0.36
Hip flexion	5.2 ± 7.8	0.009	6.6 ± 9.7	0.005	3.3 ± 11.3	0.22	3.1 ± 9.9	0.16
Hip extension	4.6 ± 9.1	0.05	4.8 ± 6.1	0.003	1.9 ± 5.8	0.31	0.7 ± 6.5	0.91
Left leg
Knee flexion	4.2 ± 5.9	0.02	4.1 ± 4.3	0.01	1.5 ± 5.2	0.47	0.2 ± 3.8	0.31
Knee extension	6.0 ± 7.9	0.003	6.0 ± 7.8	0.002	2.7 ± 9.8	0.24	1.7 ± 8.7	0.17
Hip flexion	4.2 ± 12.2	0.09	3.5 ± 8.2	0.02	2.7 ± 7.8	0.14	1.5 ± 8.7	0.46
Hip extension	4.4 ± 6.2	0.004	3.1 ± 7.0	0.07	-0.2 ± 5.8	0.78	-0.2 ± 4.6	0.26

p value for test of interaction effect between the PRE and SE regimens. Bold font highlights all statistically significant results.

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