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Table 3 Muscle strength – changes in outcome measures between groups: baseline values vs. scores after 7 weeks.

From: Combined effects of functionally-oriented exercise regimens and nutritional supplementation on both the institutionalised and free-living frail elderly (double-blind, randomised clinical trial)

Muscle strength (N/m.)

Group I (n = 19)

PRE+FOE+ nutritional supplement

Group II (n = 21)

PRE+FOE + placebo

Group III (n = 19)

SE+FOE+ nutritional supplement

Group IV (n = 21)

SE+FOE + placebo

Overall

P-value

 

mean ± SD

mean ± SD

mean ± SD

mean ± SD

 

Right leg

     

Knee flexion

21.4 ± 6.6

21.5 ± 5.7

17.4 ± 6.4

17.1 ± 4.9

0.04

Knee extension

38.6 ± 10.8

39.8 ± 12.6

36.2 ± 12.2

34.9 ± 12.0

0.01

Hip flexion

32.3 ± 11.6

36.5 ± 11.6

32.9 ± 10.7

31.6 ± 8.7

0.03

Hip extension

25.8 ± 5.3

26.1 ± 8.4

22.1 ± 6.8

21.0 ± 7.9

0.01

Left leg

     

Knee flexion

22.5 ± 7.0

22.0 ± 6.9

19.2 ± 6.3

19.1 ± 6.1

0.05

Knee extension

39.6 ± 12.7

42.8 ± 9.9

35.8 ± 13.4

36.6 ± 10.9

0.04

Hip flexion

34.0 ± 11.5

35.4 ± 11.0

33.8 ± 11.6

32.0 ± 9.6

NS

Hip extension

26.8 ± 6.0

25.5 ± 9.3

21.4 ± 7.3

21.9 ± 8.6

0.01

  1. PRE – Progressive resistance exercises, FOE – Functionally-oriented exercises, SE – Standard exercises, SD – standard deviation, NS – statistically non-significant. Analysis of variance (ANOVA I), with the Bonferroni correction for comparison between the respective groups. Bold font highlights all statistically significant results.