Table 2 Covariates included in final multivariate models reported in 13 longitudinal studies that examined the association between smoking and depression in adolescents.

Age

(all)

Sex

(all)

alcohol use

[26, 32, 33, 37, 45, 46, 65]

parental education

[32, 36, 41, 42, 61, 66]

family income

[32, 37, 41, 61, 66]

race/ethnic group

[32, 35–37, 42, 46, 65]

smoking among peers

[26, 32, 33, 37, 45, 65, 66]

parental smoking

[26, 32, 36, 66]

marijuana/other drug use

[32, 33, 41, 65]

Academic performance

[32, 36, 37, 65]

physical activity

[26, 65]

temperament

[33]

social support

[33]

parental attachment

[37]

Anxiety

[31, 37]

Childhood adversity

[37]

conduct problems

[37, 66]

novelty-seeking

[37]

neuroticism

[37]

drive for thinness

[45]