Author and date | Type of study/data source | Population (denominator)/size | Level of severity | Epidemiological observation | Major findings | Epidemiological shortcomings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roberts et al., 1998 [42] | analytical study/Office for National Statistics | children and teenagers (0–19y) England and Wales | deaths | proportions by age, gender, type, cause, trends; rates by socio-economic classes, RR (manual/non-manual), correlation homicide and deaths of undetermined intent | 1980–1995 declining trends for unintentional injury (16 to 7/100,000) and no declining trends for intentional injury (2/100,000); socioeconomic gradients (e.g. homicide rate social class V is 17 times higher than for children social class I) | Data on deaths only |
Roberts et al., 1998 [48] | descriptive study/Office for National Statistics; NHS data | children and teenagers (0–19y) England and Wales | deaths, hospitalization | proportions, rates by age and cause, trends of mortality rates and costs | 1992 8.6 deaths/100,000 (unintentional injuries); 1.2 deaths/100,000 (intentional) Socioeconomic gradients, declining trends for unintentional injury 1980–1995 | Few data on morbidity – no population based rates |
DiGuiseppi et al., 1998 [44] | descriptive study/Office for National Statistics | teenagers (15–19y) England and Wales | deaths | proportions and trends of rates per mile travelled by gender, type road user | Travel patterns responsible for (32%) decline in teenage rates 1985–1995; declines in motorcycling (12.1 to 2.5 boys; 1.4 to 0.0 girls), walking (3.2 to 2.1 boys; 1.8 to 0.6 girls) and cycling activities (1.7 to 1.1 boys; 0.4 to 0.1 girls) rates per 100,000 | Data on deaths only, focused on road traffic injuries; no population based rates for all injuries |
Roberts et al., 1996 [45] | analytic study Major Trauma Outcome Study | patients (0–24y)/3320 England, Wales, Northern Ireland | deaths, hospitalization | proportions by cause, type, severity (ISS ≥ 16), case fatality, trends in odds of death | 1989–1995 16% decline per year of odds of deaths; case fatality (ISS ≥ 16) 50 to 8.8% 0–4y; 29.5 to 16.2% 5–14y; 29.7 to 20.4% 15–24y.; role of hospital care in the reduction of trauma mortality in young people | Data on blunt trauma only; no population based rates; analysis focused on mortality (ISS ≥ 16); pre-hospital deaths not available |