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Table 5 Hazard ratios associated with incident mobility disability: by age and poverty status.

From: Perceived neighborhood safety and incident mobility disability among elders: the hazards of poverty

 

Aged 65 to 74

Above poverty line

Age 65 to 74

Below poverty line

Age 75 and older

Above poverty line

Age 75 and older

Below poverty line

Black race

0.60 (0.33 – 1.09)

1.29 (0.81 – 2.05)

0.62 (0.30 – 1.28)

0.52 (0.24 – 1.11)

Age (continuous variable)

1.12 (1.06 – 1.19)*

1.17 (1.08 – 1.26)*

1.12 (1.07 – 1.18)*

1.13 (1.06 – 1.20)*

Female sex

1.09 (0.80 – 1.50)

1.02 (0.61 – 1.73)

1.34 (0.91 – 1.98)

1.12 (0.59 – 2.14)

Perceives neighborhood safety hazard due to crime

1.31 (0.94 – 1.82)

1.56 (1.02 – 2.37)*

0.55 (0.36 – 0.85)*

0.67 (0.36 – 1.25)

Lives in highest crime neighborhoods

1.10 (0.70 – 1.71)

1.33 (0.80 – 2.21)

1.55 (0.93 – 2.59)

1.03 (0.66 – 1.60)

Multiple Co-morbid Conditions

1.54 (1.15 – 2.07)*

2.05 (1.37 – 3.07)*

1.06 (0.73 – 1.56)

2.19 (1.13 – 4.23)*

Obese

1.44 (0.99 – 2.10)

0.84 (0.47 – 1.48)

1.47 (0.79 – 2.77)

2.96 (1.33 – 6.60)*

Depression

1.59 (0.98 – 2.58)

1.12 (0.57 – 2.17)

0.90 (0.56 – 1.44)

0.76 (0.42 – 1.37)

Cognitive Impairment

1.84 (0.39 – 8.70)

1.92 (0.95 – 3.86)

1.40 (0.30 – 6.58)

2.92 (1.28 – 6.64)*

Current smoker

1.51 (1.03 – 2.23)*

1.69 (0.99 – 2.86)

1.17 (0.69 – 2.00)

1.36 (0.52 – 3.54)

Former smoker

0.92 (0.62 – 1.37)

1.36 (0.82 – 2.27)

0.90 (0.54 – 1.49)

0.73 (0.32 – 1.69)

Walked "often" for exercise in past month

0.59 (0.43 – 0.82)*

0.76 (0.42 – 1.38)

1.01 (0.65 – 1.58)

0.92 (0.48 – 1.76)

"Never" walked for exercise in past month

0.73 (0.45 – 1.19)

1.53 (0.89 – 2.66)

1.81 (1.06 – 3.11)*

0.75 (0.33 – 1.69)

Moderate alcohol intake

0.86 (0.63 – 1.16)

0.88 (0.56 – 1.38)

0.82 (0.57 – 1.17)

0.55 (0.33 – 0.92)*

Heavy alcohol intake

1.30 (0.79 – 2.14)

1.20 (0.36 – 4.08)

0.90 (0.37 – 2.21)

0.65 (0.14 – 2.96)

Moved from baseline residence during the eight year study period

1.29 (0.94 – 1.76)

1.62 (1.01 – 2.60)*

1.45 (1.07 – 1.95)*

1.42 (0.92 – 2.17)

More than five years in baseline residence

0.54 (0.40 – 0.73)*

1.44 (0.99 – 2.08)

0.72 (0.50 – 1.03)

0.64 (0.41 – 0.99)*

  1. Table presents proportional hazards models fully adjusted for listed covariates. Reference groups: Non-Hispanic White; male sex; does not perceive neighborhood safety hazard due to crime; lives in lower crime comparison neighborhoods (1st and 2nd tertiles); zero or one co-morbid condition; not obese (< 30 kg/m2); none or mild depressive symptoms; no cognitive impairment; never smoked; "sometimes" walked for exercise in past month; no alcohol intake; did not move from baseline residence during the study period; lived five years of less in baseline residence. *P < 0.05