From: Perceived neighborhood safety and incident mobility disability among elders: the hazards of poverty
 | Rate | 95% CI | SE | HR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Hispanic Black | 148 | 125 – 172 | 0.012 | 1.15 (0.91 – 1.45) |
Non-Hispanic White | 130 | 119 – 142 | 0.006 | Reference |
Female | 151 | 136 – 166 | 0.008 | 1.33 (1.13 – 1.55)** |
Male | 107 | 95 – 119 | 0.006 | Reference |
Below poverty | 156 | 133 – 178 | 0.011 | 1.31 (1.08 – 1.59)** |
Above poverty | 120 | 108 – 131 | 0.006 | Reference |
Perceives neighborhood safety hazard due to crime | 134 | 113 – 155 | 0.011 | 1.02 (0.83 – 1.25) |
Does not perceive safety hazard | 132 | 120 – 144 | 0.006 | Reference |
Lives in highest crime neighborhoods | 146 | 122 – 170 | 0.012 | 1.16 (0.95 – 1.42) |
Lower crime comparison neighborhoods | 128 | 117 – 140 | 0.006 | Reference |
Multiple Co-morbid Conditions | 171 | 149 – 193 | 0.011 | 1.59 (1.34 – 1.88)** |
One or no Co-morbid Conditions | 117 | 106 – 127 | 0.005 | Reference |
Obese | 164 | 123 – 206 | 0.021 | 1.32 (1.02 – 1.70)* |
Not obese | 127 | 116 – 138 | 0.005 | Reference |
Depressed | 174 | 140 – 208 | 0.017 | 1.37 (1.08 – 1.73)** |
None or mild depressive symptoms | 127 | 116 – 138 | 0.005 | Reference |
Cognitive Impairment | 312 | 179 – 445 | 0.068 | 1.71 (1.15 – 2.54)** |
No cognitive Impairment | 130 | 119 – 140 | 0.005 | Reference |
Current smoker | 147 | 124 – 170 | 0.012 | 1.27 (1.03 – 1.57)* |
Former smoker | 118 | 100 – 136 | 0.009 | 0.96 (0.79 – 1.16) |
Never smoked | 133 | 119 – 147 | 0.007 | Reference |
Walked "often" for exercise in past month | 118 | 106 – 130 | 0.006 | 0.78 (0.64 – 0.95)* |
"Sometimes" walked for exercise | 142 | 120 – 165 | 0.012 | Reference |
"Never" walked for exercise | 171 | 143 – 198 | 0.014 | 1.18 (0.92 – 1.52) |
No alcohol use | 151 | 134 – 168 | 0.009 | Reference |
Moderate alcohol intake | 121 | 108 – 133 | 0.006 | 0.76 (0.65 – 0.90)** |
Heavy alcohol intake | 113 | 73 – 154 | 0.021 | 0.83 (0.56 – 1.22) |
Moved from baseline residence during the eight year study period | 168 | 150 – 187 | 0.009 | 1.41 (1.20 – 1.66)** |
Did not move during study period | 113 | 101 – 125 | 0.006 | Reference |
More than five years in baseline residence | 125 | 114 – 137 | 0.006 | 0.73 (0.61 – 0.87)** |
Five years or less in baseline residence | 164 | 141 – 188 | 0.012 | Reference |