Table 2 Selected demographic characteristics of study participants, by gender, Japanese Public Health Center Cohort study 1.

Physical functional limitation level.

   Need assistance when going outdoors

68 (1.1)

28 (0.5)

8 (0.4)

<.0001

92 (1.2)

23 (0.4)

10 (0.6)

<.0001

   Need assistance to carry out daily living activities indoors

40 (0.7)

18 (0.3)

2 (0.1)

31 (0.4)

7 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

Age group

   50–59

2,529 (41.1)

3,252 (57.0)

1,190 (61.9)

<.0001

3,185 (40.1)

3,287 (57.7)

1,158 (67.5)

<.0001

   60–69

3,625 (58.9)

2,450 (43.0)

732 (38.1)

4,762 (59.9)

2,407 (42.3)

557 (32.5)

Marital status

   Never married/divorced/separated

1,272 (20.7)

747 (13.1)

222 (11.6)

<.0001

2,766 (34.8)

1,283 (22.5)

390 (22.7)

<.0001

History of stroke

   Yes

260 (4.2)

197 (3.5)

53 (2.8)

0.005

179 (2.3)

75 (1.3)

29 (1.7)

0.0003

Smoking

   Never smoker

1,913 (31.2)

1,671 (29.4)

592 (30.9)

<.0001

7,471 (94.8)

5,398 (95.2)

1,603 (94.1)

0.09

   Past smoker

1,709 (27.8)

1,647 (29.0)

625 (32.6)

34 (2.0)

68 (1.2)

34 (2.0)

   Current smoker

2,516 (41.0)

2,364 (41.6)

699 (36.5)

308 (3.9)

201 (3.6)

66 (3.9)

Physical activities

   Almost none

2,108 (49.3)

1,787 (39.3)

628 (38.1)

<.0001

2,480 (46.9)

1,708 (41.0)

567 (41.1)

<.0001

   1–3 times/month)

893 (20.9)

1,334 (29.4)

516 (31.3

887 (16.8)

817 (19.6)

286 (20.7)

   More than once/week

1,271(29.8)

1,423 (31.3)

506 (30.7)

1,925 (36.4)

1,641 (39.4)

527 (38.2)

Alcohol intake

   Drinker

4,468 (73.0)

4,556 (80.2)

1,533 (80.0)

<.0001

1,450 (18.4)

1,555 (27.4)

521 (30.7)

<.0001

   Quitter

472 (7.7)

106 (5.5)

287 (5.1)

107 (1.4)

54 (1.0)

28 (1.7)

   Non drinker

1,182 (19.3)

838 (14.8)

277 (14.5)

6,314 (80.2)

4,057 (71.6)

1,151 (67.7)